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Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry Vocabulary Words Mrs. Lee Organic Compounds They are complex molecules made by organisms containing carbon as their “backbone” & usually hydrogen. – – – – Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids The ability of carbon to bond to other elements, & to allow different arrangements of atoms contributes to the diversity of carbon compounds. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus & sulfur (CHNOPS) make up about 99% of the mass of all living organisms 2 Organic Compounds (continued) 3 Hydrocarbons They are molecules composed of hydrogen & carbon. They are important because they are the backbones of other organic compounds 4 Hydrocarbons (continued) 5 Amino Acids They are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids but they all have the same basic “backbone” structure. 6 Amino Acids: (continued) 7 Proteins They are long chains of amino acid units that are the main molecules from which living things are constructed They have many functions in the body: – – – – – Structural components Transport aids Enzymes Cell signals Etc. 8 Proteins (continued) 9 Proteins (continued) 10 Lipids They are organic molecules used to form cellular & organelle membranes, the sheaths surrounding nerve fibers, & certain hormones They include fats, a long-term energy source They are insoluable in water (repel water) Examples: oils, butter, lard, etc. They are not as easily metabolized as carbohydrates, yet they are a more effective means of storage. Example: 1 gram of fat provides 2 times the energy of 1 gram of carbohydrate 11 Lipids (continued) 12 Carbohydrates The primary energy source for living things Composed of: carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen Serve as energy sources & provide structural support, as in the cell wall of plants Member of a large class of chemical compounds that includes sugars, starches, cellulose & related compounds They are produced naturally by green plants from carbon dioxide & water As essential nutrients, they are the human body’s main source of both quick & sustained energy 13 Carbohydrates: i.e. -- Glucose 14 Starch It plays a vital role in the biochemistry of both plants & animals It is made in green plants by photosynthesis & is one of the main forms in which plants store food Animals obtain starch from plants & store it as glycogen Both plants & animals convert starch to glucose when energy is needed 15 Starch (continued): i.e. --Amylose 16 Nucleic Acids They are large molecules comprised of nucleotides that carry the genetic code They are found in the nucleus of the cell Specifically they are: – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – RNA (ribonucleic acid) 17 Nucleic Acids (continued): DNA 18 Nucleic Acids (continued): RNA 19 Nucleotide The unit that makes up nucleic acid Contains a nitrogen base, a phosphate group & a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule The 4 possible nucleotide bases for DNA are: – – – – Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine The 4 possible nucleotide bases for RNA are: – Adenine – Guanine – Cytosine – Uracil 20 Nucleotide (continued) 21 Chemical Formula A combination of chemical symbols & numbers to represent a substance 22 Chemical Formula (continued) 1) Butane C4H10 Used in portable lighters, home heating fuel, portable stoves & heaters 2) Ethane C2H6 Used to make ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, & other chemicals & also used as a refrigerant 3) Methane CH4 Used as a raw material for many synthetic products & as a major part of natural gas 4) Propane C3H8 Use as a “bottled gas” for home heating, portable stoves & heaters & also as a refrigerant 23 Structural Formula A formula that indicates the location of the atoms, groups, or ions relative to one another in a molecule & that indicates the number & location of chemical bonds 24 Structural Formula (continued) 25 The End 26 Bibliography http://www.jp3d.net/school/drawings/Organic_Compounds. gif http://www.icknield.beds.sch.uk/hydrocarbons.htm http://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/biology/molecules_small.html http://www.thesolutionsite.com/lesson/20054 http://www.lampstras.k12.pa.us/hschool/teachers/pitts/bio/u n7/oldun3 http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~cleslie/cs4761/lecturesspr03.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate http://www.umanitoba.ca/Biology/lab2/biolab2_2.html http://www.lspioneers.org/hschool/teachers/pitts/bio/un7/old/un3/starch .gif 27 Bibliography (continued) http://bio.winona.edu/bates/Bio241/Chapter_Outline_03.htm http://www.edzone.net/fulton/home/hstaff/salogarg/chem/pr opylene/structuresformalasandpictures.html http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/partial/pv2137/pv213 7.html http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/cdi.htm http://www.acmecompany.com/Pages/stock_science.html http://academic.mu.edu/phys/buxtoni/DW/chembasislife_file s http://www.angelfire.com/az/smallandcute/animal.html 28