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Word of the Day Macromolecule: a larger molecule--there are 4 types that make up all living things!! Biological Macromolecules Similarities among all types of cells All cells use nucleic acids (DNA) to store information All cells use proteins (ex: enzymes) for chemical reactions All cells use lipids (fats) for the cell membrane & long-term energy storage All cells use carbohydrates for cell walls (if present), recognition, and short-term energy Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Monomers (subunits) : : : : monosaccharide glycerol and fatty acids amino acids nucleotides Where do macromolecules come from? Some cells can make all of the monomers Some cells can get these subunits from food Some cells can convert other compounds into these subunits A. Carbohydrates All have general formula CnH2nOn C6H1206 Glucose Ex: Carbohydrate Structure RINGS! Glucose Galactose Carbohydrate Structure Monosaccharides can link to form disaccharides Glucose + Fructose Sucrose Carbohydrates Function: to provide Cell structure Chitin in exoskeleton Cellulose in plant cell walls Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in bacterial cell wall Complex Carbohydrates & Function Cellulose Most abundant carbohydrate on the planet! Makes up plant cell walls (structure) Indigestible by animals Starch Energy storage molecule in plants Can be digested by animals Glycogen Animal energy reserve Found primarily in liver and muscle Complex Carbohydrates QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. B. Lipids Lipids Monomers: Fatty acids (Polymers of CH2 units) AND Glycerol Structure: long chains of CH2 units QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lipids Function Long-term Energy Storage Make up cell membranes and cell compartments C. Proteins Proteins serve many essential roles in the cell Monomer is amino acid 20 naturally occurring amino acids The large number of amino acids allows huge diversity in amino acid sequence QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Protein Function Some examples Structure Lamins, collagen, keratin……. Movement Micro-tubueles, actin, myosin Transport-regulate transport Channels, receptors, dynin, kinesin Communication Hormones Chemical Catalyst Enzymes (thousands of different enzymes) Defense Antibodies, cellular immune factors Regulatory Checkpoint proteins, cyclins, transcription factors D. Nucleic Acids DNA –deoxyribonucleic acid RNA –ribonucleic acid Monomer: nucleotide QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Function of Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Information Storage DNA / mRNA Information transfer / Recognition rRNA / tRNA / snRNA