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Genetics Chapter 20 Genetics Study of HEREDITY Traits that are passed from parent offspring Sexual Repro. 2 parents, offspring is a combo. This VARIATION leads to EVOLUTION Asexual Repro. 1 parent, offspring is identical Genetics Gregor Mendel “Father of Genetics” 1800’s Worked with pea plants Easy traits to study Vocab: Genetics: Study of heredity Heredity: Passing of genetic info. from parent to offspring Genes: Located on homologous chromosomes 2 genes for each trait (1from mom, 1 from dad) Units of heredity Determines traits/characteristics Hereditary Information DNA- DeoxyriboNucleic Acid… Organic (C, H, O, N) Double Stranded Organized in the form of genes on the chromosomes found in the nucleus Genetic Recombination: Sperm & egg combine to form a zygote That organism has a complete set of genetic info. DNA The DNA Molecule and Chromosomes The Genetic Code Structure was discovered by James Watson & Francis Crick Model of DNA The Double Helix A twisted ladder Structure of DNA POLYMER – long chain of repeating units called NUCLEOTIDES A nucleotide contains: Phosphate Group Deoxyribose (sugar) Nitrogenous Bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine &Guanine) Nucleotide 1. Phosphate group 2. Bond 3. Deoxyribose sugar 4. Bond 5. Weak hydrogen bond 6. Bond 7. A – adenine (base pair) 8. T – thymine (base pair) 9. G – guanine (base pair) 10. C – cytosine (base pair) • Sides are made of Phosphate & Sugar that alternate • • • • “Steps” are made of NITROGENOUS BASES SPECIFIC PAIRING: A–T C–G – Hint: At GC or A Tall Cover Girl • Weak Hydrogen bonds holds the bases together Answer the Question: • What would the sequence of the complimentary strand be? DNA Replication • When a cell goes through MITOSIS • DNA of the cell makes a copy of itself • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. DNA UNRAVELS - unwinds DNA UNZIPS New nucleotides attach to template strand Result: 2 identical DNA molecules DNA Replication DNA Replication: DNA Replication Mutations: • Causes a change in the DNA code • Random • Can be increased b/c of radiation, chemicals • If a mutation happens in a body cell person is affected • If a mutation happens in a sex cell offspring is affected Mutation: Types of Mutations: 1. 2. 3. 4. Original DNA Template: CACCGTATTA Substitution: one base for another CACCTTATTA Deletion: missing a base CACCG ATTA Addition: adding a base CACCGTAATTA Inversion: bases are rearranged CACCTAGTTA Types of Genetic Mutations What types of Mutations are these? Answers: 1. Addition 2. Inversion 3. Addition Proteins & Cell Functioning • Proteins Long chains of amino acids • Order of amino acids influences the shape of the protein • Proteins include: enzymes, insulin, eye color and hair color DNA-PROTEIN CONNECTION • Genes contain genetic code • This info. is used to make proteins that are required for its structure & function • RIBOSOMES: make PROTEINS based on the GENETIC CODE order of A, T, C, & G’s RNA • • • • • • • Ribonucleic Acid Single stranded Nitrogenous Bases: A- Adenine U- Uracil C- Cytosine G- Guanine Types of RNA 1. Messenger RNA: • mRNA • Copies genetic code from DNA • Brings code to ribosome 2. Transfer RNA: • tRNA • Brings amino acids to the ribosome so proteins can be assembled Protein Synthesis • DNA is the code for proteins • Proteins are chains of amino acids Steps of Protein Synthesis: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Begins in the nucleus with DNA DNA code is copied by mRNA mRNA brings code to ribosome tRNA brings AMINO ACIDS to ribosome amino acids are put together making a protein How did researchers make the connection between DNA and Protein? Protein Synthesis and Sickle Cell Karyotype- Picture of chromosomes Needed to diagnose genetic disorders Ex) Down’s Syndrome – Trisomy 21 DNA and Individuality Every cell in an organism has the SAME DNA Each cell is different because it uses different parts of the DNA The ENVIRONMENT influences gene expression Ex) Himalayan Rabbit cold temp black fur warm temp white fur Ex) Freckles: UV radiation from sun increases melanin in skin Genetic Engineering Genetic EngineeringUsed to alter DNA in an organism. 1. Gene Splicing- Process that uses enzymes to cut and combine DNA from 2 organisms Steps of Gene Splicing: Bacteria producing human insulin 1. 2. 3. 4. Use enzyme to cut DNA from bacterial cell Human DNA + Bacterial DNA are combined Insert combined DNA into bacterial cell Bacterial cell now produces human insulin Gene Splicing Examples: • Uses of gene splicing: 1. Bacteria producing human insulin 2. Plants with genes for insecticide (to kill pests, prevent crop destruction) Selective Breeding 1. Selective Breeding - Breed for the best traits Ex) Lean cows Ex) Large Fruits Ex) Breeds of dogs