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* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chemical reactions require the input or release of _____________. ______________ reactions require energy to form new bonds. ______________ release energy when bonds are broken. _______________ reactions have no net energy requirements. Energy released from decomposition portion helps with synthesis portion. Factors that influence reaction rates: ◦ _________________ of reactants ◦ _________________ of environment ◦ _______________ ______________-the energy required for the reaction to happen. ◦ Some reactions require presence of a ___________. Special proteins that hold the reactants together so they can interact. Catalyst is not destroyed, changed, or used up by the reaction. Reaction speed is increased and activation energy is lowered when catalyst is present. In the body, a catalyst is called an ________________. ________________ molecules- do not contain hydrocarbon groups (H and C bonded together) and often have ionic bonding. ◦ Water, Salts, Acids and Bases ________________ molecules- contain hydrocarbon groups and are usually covalently bonded. ◦ Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Both types of molecules are essential for life. 1) Water is the universal solvent (dissolves chemicals). ◦ Chemicals added to water are called: _______________________ ◦ The chemical/water mixture is called a: ____________________ ________________ chemicals dissolve well or mix with water. ________________chemicals do not mix well with water. 2) Water is an ideal ________________ medium. ◦ Blanketing power allows molecules in water to move around and be cushioned from one another. Many molecules dissolve readily in water 3) Water has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization. ◦ It is easily able to absorb heat from reactions so that the overall _________________ of solution doesn’t change. ◦ Water needs a high temperature to change from a liquid to gas, so remains a liquid thru wide temperature ranges. 4) Water is used for ________________ of moving parts of the body. Compounds that have _________ bonds. (Cation bound to an Anion) Principle form of __________ that enter and are stored in the body. ◦ Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, S, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, I, Se, Mo When salts are added to water they immediately _____________ (divide into separate ions). ◦ Salts in ionic form are called _______________________-substances that have ability to transmit an electrical charge. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- ___________- ionically bonded substances that when added to water freely release hydrogen ions (H+). (ex: HCl) ◦ Called H donors or proton donors ___________- ionically bonded substances that when added to water release a hydroxyl ion (OH-). (ex: NaOH) ◦ Called proton acceptors H+ and OH- combine to form ____________ Ranges from 1-14. Lower numbers are the most ___________, higher numbers are more ____________. pH of ________ is neutral. pH of blood is: __________. Molecules that contain carbon bound to hydrogen. Divided into 4 groups: ◦ _____________________ ◦ ____________________ ◦ _____________________ ◦ _____________________ Used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular structures. ◦ Composed of ___, ___, and ___ (water-containing carbon) Simple Sugars-____________________. ◦ Glucose and Fructose ◦ ________________ = sugar with 6 carbon atoms ◦ ________________ = sugar with 5 carbon atoms ________________- when two monosaccharides are joined together in synthesis reaction. _________________- combinations of many monosaccharides. ________________ synthesis is the removal of water during a reaction ________________ is the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones by adding water ________________- when a macromolecule is formed out of a carbohydrate attached to a protein. AKA fats 4 classes of Lipids: ◦ Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, & eicosinoids Also made of C, H, O (and sometimes P), but their __ content is much lower than the amount in carbs. Contains three ________ acids and a ___________ molecule. ◦ Fatty acids are chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached ◦ Glycerol is a modified, 3 carbon sugar ________________ fatty acids- all bonds in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds. _________________fatty acids- when there are some double bonds between the carbon atoms. __________________________- macromolecule composed of proteins and lipids TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPHOLIPIDS Have a _______________ backbone like triglycerides In place of 3rd fatty acid is a phosphate group (PO4) Have a lipid bilayer when placed in water. ◦ ________________ heads are facing water Phosphate groups ◦ _______________ tails line up with one another. Fatty acid side STEROIDS Four interlocking hydrocarbon rings with very little oxygen. Basic _______________ ring structure that forms different steroids EICOSANOIDS Lipids formed from a 20carbon fatty acid and ring structure. (____________ structure) Most abundant organic molecules in the body and have the widest variety of functions. Made of_____, _____, _____, and _____ (can also include sulfur, iron, or phosphorus) Building blocks of proteins are ___________ ________. ◦ The amino acid sequence is what makes each protein unique and defines the protein’s function. ◦ Central carbon is attached to hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side group. Side group defines the amino acid 20 different amino acids used by the body: Amino acids link together via dehydration synthesis reactions. ◦ Carboxyl group of one amino acid links with the amino group of another amino acid via a peptide bond. ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ _____peptide: 2 amino acids _____peptide: 3 amino acids in a chain _____peptide: more than 3 amino acids in a chain __________: 100+ amino acids chained together ◦ _________ Structure- sequence and number of amino acids that link together to form a chain. ◦ ____________ Structure- the natural bend of parts of the chain into pleated sheets or alpha helices ◦ _____________ StructureBonding between pleated sheets and helices causes the chain to change shape. ◦ ______________Structure- when two or more tertiary structures join to form a complex macromolecule consisting of more than one chain of amino acids. Functional proteins that ___________ or speed up chemical reactions. ◦ Will end in –_____ ◦ Enzymes speed up a chemical reaction without being destroyed or altered. ◦ Enzymes are specific to the reaction that they cataylze and to the ______________ that the enzyme acts upon. Fit like a lock and key Largest molecules of the body Composed of ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ 2 classes of Nucleic Acids ◦ _______________________________ (DNA) Found in the cell’s nucleus Contains all instructions needed by cell to build proteins. Coded in segments called __________ ◦ _______________________________ (RNA) Coordinates the building of proteins by using a copy of the cell’s DNA. The building blocks of nucleic acids. 5 different nucleotides, but all have the same basic structure: sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. ◦ Are all composed of a 5-Carbon pentose sugar. Sugar in DNA is _____________. Sugar in RNA is _____________. ◦ Nucleotides are named for their base. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), (Thymine), and Uracil (U) A,G,C = DNA & RNA T = DNA only U = RNA only Consists of two parallel strands of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Connected by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases of the nucleotides. ◦ Adenine/Thymine and Cytosine/Guanine Once bound, these two strands twist around one another to form a double ___________. Order of nucleotides is what makes the genetic code of each individual unique. ◦ This code is carried in the nucleus of every cell in the body Consists of a single strand of nucleotides. Does not have thymine, but instead has uracil. Pairings are: ◦ Cytosine/Guanine ◦ Adenine/ Uracil Exists in three forms: ◦ mRNA- ____________ RNA ◦ tRNA- _____________ RNA ◦ rRNA- _____________ RNA Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) = energy currency of the cells. ◦ Cells need ATP to fuel any work that they do. ATP is an RNA nucleotide containing the nitrogenous base adenine with two additional phosphate groups attached. The bonds between the phosphate groups are called high-energy bonds. ◦ When bonds between phosphate groups are broken, energy is released. ◦ When phosphate group is lost, resulting molecule is adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ◦ When a subsequent phosphate is lost, the resulting molecule is adenosine monophosphate (AMP)