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Transcript
Respiration Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration - Basics • releases energy from glucose • released energy is chemical energy • occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria • works better with oxygen (aerobic) than without oxygen (anaerobic) Cellular Respiration - Process glucose + oxygen C6H12O6 + O2 carbon dioxide CO2 + water + energy + H2O + ATP Aerobic Respiration aerobic = with oxygen C6H12O6 + O2 -----> CO2 + H2O + ATP Three process occur in aerobic respiration 1. Glycolysis glucose C C C C C C PEP 2 pyruvic acid C C C C C C occurs in the cytoplasm oxygen is not required electron acceptor is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD --> NADH Aerobic Respiration cont’d 2. Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) C C C C pyruvic acid (3C) (in cytoplasm) C C CO2 acetyl-coenzymeA (2C) (in mitochondron) occurs in: mitochondria FADH2 electron acceptors are NAD and FADH2 CO2 Krebs Cycle ATP CO2 C C NADH Kreb’s Cycle Aerobic Respiration cont’d 3. Electron transport • electrons transferred from NADH, FADH2 to oxygen and water is formed • oxidative phosphorylation • ATP synthase complex • protons pumped across membrane • occurs in mitochondria • conversion equivalents: NADH = 3 ATP FADH2 = 2 ATP Aerobic Respiration cont’d • Energy from aerobic respiration • Glycolysis • net gain of 6 ATP • pyruvic acid --> acetyl-CoA • 2 NADH = 6 ATP • Krebs Cycle • 2 ATP • Electron Transport •Total = 36 ATP / glucose • 6 NADH = 18 ATP •39% of energy available • 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP • oxidative phosphorylation •61% of energy is lost as heat Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen) 1. ethanol fermentation glucose ---> pyruvic acid ---> ethyl alcohol + CO2 + ATP C6H12O6 ----> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 3ATP • 25% of energy of aerobic respiration • occurs in some plants and microorganisms including yeasts Alcohol Fermentation • Ancient Eqyptian wall painting: historical record of wine-making • ~ 5000 yrs ago, perhaps earlier • Grapes were picked, crushed by foot, juice collected in jugs, then fermented producing wine. Anaerobic Respiration cont’d 2. lactic acid fermentation glucose ---> pyruvic acid ---> lactic acid + ATP C6H12O6 ----> 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP • 22% of energy of aerobic respiration • mammalian muscle and some microorganisms Organic Macromolecules • four groups Carbohydrates built from monosaccharides Protein built from amino acids Lipids built from glycerol & fatty acids Nucleic acids built from nucleotides Carbohydrates monosaccharides polysaccharide disaccharides Lipids Protein Biochemical Pathways • note catabolic and anabolic pathways • note production and use of: • proteins • lipids besides carbohydrates What is the connection between respiration and photosynthesis? A review: Carbon flow: • from atmosphere • through photosynthesis in autotrophs • through cellular respiration in autotrophs and heterotrophs • back into atmosphere Carbon Cycle Carbon atom movement. Numbers are estimates of carbon expressed in billions of metric tons stored in reservoirs (2000 data) CARBON + OXYGEN -> CO2 + heat Carbon released by respiration and combustion now exceeds the amount fixed by photosynthesis, by 3 billion metric tons/year. Major reservoirs of the carbon cycle Production of CO2 • fossil fuels produces 70% of CO2 emmisions • • • • • • U.S. EU China Russia India Japan 24% 15% 15% 6% 5% 5% • per capita CO2 emmissions (tons/capita) • • • • • • U.S. EU China Russia India Japan 5.4 2.6 0.8 2.9 0.3 2.5 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/Carbon_Emission_by_Region.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/56/Global_Carbon_Emission_by_Type.png Global Response to global warming • Kyoto Protocol • protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases that cause climate change • agreed on 11 December 1997 at the 3rd Conference of the Parties to the treaty when they met in Kyoto, and entered into force on 16 February 2005. Participation in the Kyoto Protocol, as of December 2011, Brown = Countries that have signed and ratified the treaty (Annex I & II countries in dark brown) Blue = No intention to ratify at this stage Dark blue = Canada, which withdrew from the Protocol in December 2011 Grey = no position taken or position unknown • • • United States although a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, has neither ratified nor withdrawn from the Protocol both Clinton and Bush administrations have refused obtain senate ratification reasons: • • top emitters excluded (China, India) cause U.S. economic strain to meet requirements Correlation Between Historic CO2 Levels and Historic Temperatures: Ice core data 31 400 atmospheric CO2 concentration (ppm) 380 Air samples at Mauna Loa, Hawaii are collected continuously from air intakes at the top of four 7-m towers and one 27-m tower. Four air samples are collected each hour for the purpose of determining the CO2 concentration R² = 0.9877 360 340 320 300 280 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 2000 2010 http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ 2020 Global Temperature Change Temperature departure from 1950-1980 average (°C) 80 60 R² = 0.76 40 20 0 -20 -40 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 How well does CO2 predict global temperature? CO2 vs temp 60 R² = 0.7512 50 40 30 temp (°C) 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 280 290 300 310 320 330 CO2(ppm) 340 350 360 370 380 What Causes Natural Climatic Swings? • Modest climate changes correspond to an 11-year cycle in the Sun’s intensity • Milankovitch Cycles are caused by changes in the Earth’s orbit (100,000 yr), rotation (40,000 yr) and the wobble of its axis (26,000 yr) 9-35 temperature/precipitation changes from the 20th Century Possible Implications of and Debate Surrounding Global Warming • More heat waves • More extreme storm activity • Changes in rainfall, snowfall patterns • Ecosystem effects • Higher sea levels • More disease • Winners: Siberia, Scandinavia • Losers: most of U.S. (particularly SE; Washington may be nicer), island states Fig. 09.13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. New Orleans Shoreline with 1 m sea-level rise Remaining land Current shoreline 100 km 50 km Miami Consequences of Global Warming • uncertainty • why? • testing the predictions • Probable environmental alterations from GW: • changing climate and weather patterns • intensity of weather increased • rising sea levels - 3’ higher all around the world in 100 years • shifting climate zones causing ecosystem devastation and species losses Consequences of CO2 increase • CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas • • • • third most abundant gas in atmosphere absorbs heat energy reflected by earth acts as a blanket around earth produces the greenhouse effect • This is normal, and good! • Excessive greenhouse gas accumulation? • increase GH gas; increase heat absorption • increased heat of earth • Global Warming CO2 in atmosphere • key component of nature’s thermostat If carbon cycle removes too much CO2 earth cools If carbon cycle generates too much CO2 earth warms 350.org Because the World Needs to Know 1. Cellular Respiration reactions are anabolic? True False 2. The ultimate energy molecule produced in cellular respiration is A. oxygen B. ATP C. glucose D. ethanol 3. The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is A. NADP+ B. oxygen C. ATP D. glucose 4. Without oxygen, which process in cellular respiration would NOT occur? A. B. C. D. glycolysis Kreb’s cycle electron transport all of the above 5. Where does glycolysis occur? A. cytoplasm B. inner mitochondrial membrane C. chloroplast D. thylakoid 6. Where does Kreb’s cycle and electron transport occur? A. B. C. D. cytoplasm mitochondria chloroplast thylakoid 7. In cellular respiration all glucose is metabolized into ATP. True False 8. Name the four groups of organic compounds and their respective building block(s): organic compound 1. 2. 3. 4. building block(s) 9. Carbon reservoirs on earth include A. B. C. D. atmosphere ocean plants all of the above What is the most abundant atmospheric gas? A. B. C. D. nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide ozone What is the second most abundant atmospheric gas? A. B. C. D. nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide ozone What is the third most abundant atmospheric gas? A. B. C. D. nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide ozone How abundant is CO2 in the atmosphere? A. B. C. D. 1000ppm 500ppm 390ppm 350ppm