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Transcript
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 6 Energy Flow in Ecosystems • Photosynthesis captures and store sunlight energy as glucose • Cellular Respiration release energy to cell to do work. Respiration is the complement to Photosynthesis, completing a cycle: Photosynthesis & Respiration SUNLIGHT PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for respiration Controlled Uncontrolled The Powerful Mitochondria • Provide the cell with usable energy as ATP • Cells with high energy demands make more mitochondria • Muscle cells have very high number of mitochondria • We breath to get oxygen to our mitochondria and to to rid ourselves of the carbon dioxide the mitochondria produce • The blood carries these gasses to our lungs for gas exchange by diffusion • The more energy you burn, the more you breath out ATP : Cellular unit of energy ATP ADP + Pi The Reaction for Respiration: • The carbon atoms we eat in glucose we breath out as carbon dioxide • The oxygen we breath in becomes water in our bodies C6H12O6 + 6O2 glucose oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O carbon water dioxide The reverse of the equation for photosynthesis Reactants and Products • The carbon atoms we eat in glucose we breath out as carbon dioxide • The oxygen we breath in becomes water in our bodies Thought questions • What cells have very high number of mitochondria ? • Why do we breath? • We breath to get _____ into our mitochondria and to get rid of the _______the mitochondria produce • How do these gasses move in the body? • How does your breathing relate to energy use? GLUCOSE The common food molecule Respiration is a three step process: In Cytoplasm: • Step 1 Glycolysis – breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules – Makes 2 ATP In Mitochondrion: • Step 2 Krebs cycle – Completely breaks all c-c bonds – Primes the proton gradient – Makes 2 ATP • Step 3 Electron transport chain – Makes ATP by chemiosmosis – Needs O2 – Makes 32-34 more ATP 3 Steps to Cellular respiration Respiration is a controlled release of usable energy, in the form of ATP Step 1: Glycolysis • • • • • • • Breaks (C6) glucose into 2 pyruvate (C3) Breaks C-C bond Forms 2 NADH (high energy) Forms a net of 2 ATP per glucose Takes place in cytoplasm Must have 2 NAD+ as reactants to run Does not release CO2 or need Oxygen glucose GLYCOLYSIS pyruvate animal cell (eukaryotic) All cells use Glycolysis even bacteria plant cell (eukaryotic) bacterial cell (prokaryotic) Glycolysis: 2 ATP in for “Priming” 4 ATP out Net: 2 ATP ATP formation by phosphate transfer P group transferred onto now a ATP Fuel Molecule with 2 P Now Fuel Molecule with 1 P Energy tab so far: 1 Glucose: • Glycolysis net: 2 ATP 3 Steps to Cellular respiration From the cytoplasm to the mitochondria • Pyruvate moves into the mitochondrion • Some preparatory steps from 2 NADH (a cofactor) • Form here the products go to the Krebs Cycle The Krebs Cycle • Takes place in the inner most compartment of the mitochondria • Breaks all C-C bonds, uses up all the remainders of glucose • Releases CO2 Carbon dioxide that you breath out • Loads cofactors NADH, FADH2 • Forms 2 ATP Krebs Cycle Energy tab so far: 1 Glucose: • Glycolysis net: • Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP 2 ATP 3 Steps to Cellular respiration Electron Transport Chain • Electron flow along inner membrane • All cofactors (coenzymes) from Glycolysis, preparatory steps and Krebs go to inner membrane • Cofactors release electrons, and protons • Electrons flow and pump protons out creating gradient • ATP made n by chemiosmosis • Electrons flow to Oxygen, the final electron acceptor, and with protons form water Mitochondrion Structure inner compartment outer compartment cytoplasm outer mitochondrial membrane inner mitochondrial membrane Electron transport chain OUTER COMPARTMENT INNER COMPARTMENT Cofactors (NADH, FADH2) provide protons and fuel transport chain proton pump Chemiosmosis by the proton gradient makes ATP from ADP + Pi Energy tab so far: 1 Glucose: • Glycolysis net: 2 ATP • Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP • Chemiosmosis: (Electron transport chains): 32-34 ATP ----------------Grand Total 34-36 ATP Why we breath: • We need Oxygen to accept electrons and keep the transport chain flowing • We must get rid of the excess carbon dioxide from the Krebs cycle, or our blood pH will drop too low. We need Oxygen to: Foods other than glucose… • Catabolism: all biomolecules are broken down and feed into the pathway at different points. – Lipids – Complex carbohydrates – Proteins – Nucleic Acids All food feeds into Respiration: Not all cells do aerobic respiration: • Some live with out oxygen (anaerobes) • Some need more energy faster than the Krebs cycle can keep up (muscles under workout stress) • Some environments turn off the Krebs cycle (yeasts) • Bacteria do not have mitochondria These cells do Fermentation start (Glycolysis) in cytoplasm start (Glycolysis) in cytoplasm completed in mitochondrion completed in cytoplasm Aerobic Respiration In Mitochondria Anaerobic EnergyFermentation Mitochondria require oxygen Fermentation does not Fermentation equations: Fermentation • Normal Glycolysis, only 2 ATP • No Krebs Cycle • Must regenerate NAD+ or Glycolysis will stop • “wastes” pyruvate energy to reform NAD+ • Produces either Lactic Acid (Muscles) or Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide (Yeasts). • NO additional ATP Energy Comparison: Fermentation Aerobic Respiration • Glycolysis 2 ATP • Glycolysis 2 ATP • Krebs Cycle 2 ATP • ETC 32-34 ATP Total Total 2 ATP 26-38 ATP Ethanol & Carbon Dioxide Production The carbon dioxide makes the bubbles in beer and champagne!! They let it escape in wine Ethanol & Carbon Dioxide Fermentation The ethanol bakes away, it is part of the aroma of baking bread!! Lactic Acid Production