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Transcript
Chemical Compounds in Living Things Organic Inorganic Contain C why C? do not contain C except CO2 C forms strong stable covalent bonds EX water, minerals, salts Organic Chemistry Basics Properties of Carbon: 1. Has 4 Valence electrons 2. Forms 4 covalent bonds (single, double, or triple) with oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur 3. Can form chains - straight, branching or rings - varies in length, number and location of double bonds and presence of other elements 4. Forms ISOMERS (same chemical formula but different arrangements) EX C6H12O6 is same formula for Glucose, Fructose and Galactose Carbon Bonding Properties Recall: carbon has FOUR open positions for covalent bonds. They're the “connectors" in the biochemical tinker toy set! The simplest carbon compounds are hydrocarbons Polymerization – chemical process in which large compounds are constructed by joining of smaller compounds. Monomers = small compounds monomer + monomer = polymer polymer + polymer = macromolecule Artificial skin grown in the laboratory on scaffolding made of long chain molecules called polymers can help heal the wounds of patients with ulcers caused by our blood circulation. (Photo courtesy of Organogenesis Inc.) Small Carbon Molecules Large Carbon Molecules • Monomer Large Carbon Molecules • Polymer Cells need to assemble and disassemble polymers. They do this by two reactions involving water. Dehydration synthesis or Condensation Reaction: "Polymer + Monomer" = "Longer Polymer + Water" Hydrolysis Reaction: (literally splitting by water): "Polymer + Water" = “shorter Polymer + Monomer" Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Compounds of Life 4 Groups (aka Macromolecules) 1. Carbohydrates – sugars & starches 2. Lipids – waxy or oily 3. Proteins – polymers of amino acids (have N2) 4. Nucleic Acids – polymers of nucleotides (have phosphate groups) Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates Building Block aka monomer: monosaccharide • Organic compound composed of C, H and O in ration of 2 H:1 O • Classed by number of simple sugars 1. Monosaccharides – 1 simple sugar 2. Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides 3. Polysaccharides – 3 or more monosaccharides carbs continued… Functions: 1. Store energy in chemical bonds Plants –Starch Animals – Glycogen 2. Structural Cellulose in plant cell walls Chitin – building block of exoskeletons Macromolecule #2: Lipids Building Block aka monomer: triglycerides • Large non-polar molecules that don’t dissolve in water • HYDROPHOBIC Function: energy source, cushions organs, insulation, cell membranes, hormones Lipids continued… Three Types of Lipids: a. FATS: Triglycerides (monomer): 3 fatty acids + glycerol Saturated – • no double bonds between carbons • solid at room temp/Animal Fats Unsaturated – • double bonds • liquid at room temp/Plant fats Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids + glycerol b. Steroids - 4 fused carbon rings EX. Cholesterol – component of animal cell membranes SEX Hormones c. Waxes – Long fatty acid chain + long glycerol chain Macromolecule #3: Nucleic Acids building block (monomer): nucleotide 1. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 3. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), which is how we get our energy Nucleotide = sugar + N-base + phosphate group FUNCTION: Store Information in cell ex genetic code Macromolecule #4: Protein • building block (monomer): amino acids • 20 different amino acids • 3-D shape • Vary in sequence of amino acids Peptide bonds hold together Polypeptide Proteins continued… Function: • Major component of cell parts • Provide support • Antibodies • Contractile proteins (muscle) • Enzymes – speed up reactions (catalyst) • Reduce activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction Macromolecule name Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid Protein monomer Monosaccharides Triglycerides Nucleotides Amino acid function Energy storage Plants starch Animals glycogen Structural like cell wall or exoskeleton Energy Source Cushions Insulates Hormones Genetic code Structural Enzymes Antibodies Support Major component of cell parts Other Important Terms • • • • Enzyme = protein that facilitates the reaction (suffix ”ASE” Substrate = the item that the enzyme breaks down Product = the result of the enzyme breaking down the item Denature = causing an enzyme to not work as well or at all. Can be permanent or temporary. • Thinking about Handase Lab (pretzels) – What was the enzyme? – What was the substrate? – What was the product? • Thinking about our lab with the liver…. – What was the enzyme? – What was the substrate? – What was the product? – Did anything denature our enzyme? If so, what? 2H2O2 + liver 2H2O +O2 (catalase) Other things also contain catalase Such as potato, apples, chicken, etc. Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Reactants Reaction pathway with enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Products Enzyme? Substrate? Active Site? Product? Coke Machine Coin Coin slot Coke 1. Finish Lab “Handase” 2. Make Enzyme Foldable 3. Start HW Enzyme Analogy