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The Molecule of Life What are the different DNA Nitrogen Bases 1.Purines – double ring structure. Adenine Guanine 2.Pyrimidines – single ring structures Cytosine Thymine DNA Structure The DNA structure is shaped like a spiral stair case: Double helix DNA REPLICATION Replication is the process where DNA makes an exact copy of itself. If you were to replicate DNA why would you do it, and how would you do it? JQ: Your pet dog stepped on a sharp rock and got a cut. Be as detailed as you can in explaining what happens next in the area of the wound. Need your textbooks! DNA REPLICATION Dispersive Replication DNA REPLICATION Conservative Replication DNA REPLICATION Semi-Conservative Replication DNA REPLICATION Meselson & Stahl Create the Most Beautiful Experiment in Molecular Biology What do the results tell us? Hypothesis: Semi-Conservative What do the results tell us? General Ovewrview for DNA Replication 1. The two DNA strands separate (dark blue) 2. Each open strand serves as a template for the new strand (light blue) 3. Complimentary bases are added. How is this all possible? What is doing the work? What are the steps of DNA REPLICATION What can you tell me/ What do you notice about this DNA? Strands run in opposite Directions - they are Antiparallel 5’ (five prime) end - has Phosphate on end 3’ (three prime) end - has Hydroxyl group attached Replication in Real Time Replication Broken Down DNA REPLICATION 1. DNA Helicase (enzyme) splits open double strand at origin and unwinds DNA. SSB’s keep the strand open. 2. RNA primase gets strand ready for DNA Polymerase (enzyme) to attaches free floating nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ position on both strands. Stands are copied in one direction. DNA REPLICATION Leading Strand – is copied in one direction continuously. Lagging Strand –is looped around and copied in fragments (okazaki fragments). Okazaki fragments are linked together by an enzyme called ligase. DNA Replication Stats • 1 strand of DNA ~ 150,000,000 base pairs • 50 base pairs copied per second • 834 molecules working at the same time! • Humans have 46 pieces of DNA in their cells. What’s the next question biologists asked? Protein Synthesis Process of making proteins Players Involved 1. mRNA – messenger RNA, reads message from DNA 2. tRNA – transfer RNA, transfers amino acids 3. rRNA – ribosomal RNA, joined with proteins to make up the ribosome (protein factory of the cell) Many, many, many enzymes are involved in this process as well. Nucleic Acids - RNA Monomer Unit – Nucleotide Ribose Sugar Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base P Sugar N. Base RNA Nitrogen Bases 1.Purines – double ring structure. Adenine Guanine RNA Nitrogen Bases 2.Pyrimidines – single ring structures Cytosine Uracil RNA Structure The RNA is single stranded Protein Synthesis Stages Transcription – the process of obtaining info. from the DNA on how to make the protein. DNA mRNA Translation – the process of using the information (mRNA) to construct the protein. Protein Synthesis Transcription Why do fireflies glow? Protein Synthesis Translation Now that we know how protein synthesis works, what is the next question? How is it controlled? i ß-gal 1 2