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Biotech Time Line
A selection of highlights
Biotech Time Line
Humans domesticate crops and livestock
4000 BC
Biotech Time Line
1660s
Antoine van Leewenhoek discovers the
microscope.
Allows us to see the microscopic world,
including bacteria.
Biotech Time Line
1797
Edward Jenner innoculates a child with
viral vaccine against small pox.
Biotech Time Line
1857
Louis Pasteur proposes microbes cause
fermentation.
Biotech Time Line
1865
An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel
begins his study of genetics while crossbreeding pea plants
Father of Genetics
Biotech Time Line
1869
Johann Friedrich Miescher isolated and
analyzed DNA as a macromolecule for the
first time.
Biotech Time Line
1917
Karl Erecky first uses the term
biotechnology in a book he publishes in
Germany where he discusses converting
raw materials into more use products.
Biotech Time Line
1943
Penicillin is mass-produced by Andrew
Moyer just in time to help thousands of
injured soldiers
Sir Alexander Fleming is credited with its
discovery in 1928.
Biotech Time Line
1944
Oswald Avery, along with MacLeod and
McCarty, proves that genes and
chromosomes are made of DNA
Biotech Time Line
1953
Watson and Crick publish the structure of
DNA in the journal Nature.
They received the Nobel Prize in Medicine
along with Wilkins and Franklin
Biotech Time Line
1966
Marshall Nirenburg, along with Khorana
and Holley, demonstrated the sequences
of three bases (codons) on DNA determine
each of the 20 amino acids
Nobel prize
Biotech Time Line
1970
Restriction enzymes that cut genetic
material and paste them together was
discovered.
Biotech Time Line
1973
Cohen and Boyer create the first
recombinant DNA technology that allows
scientists to splice DNA from one
organism into another
Biotech Time Line
1975
Kohler and Milstein produce monoclonal
antibodies by fusing the specific antibodyproducing plasma cells with a tumor cell
Made way for a very effective diagnostic
and therapeutic tool
Biotech Time Line
1978
California company, Genetech, is first
company to produce a recombinant drug
(insulin)
Biotech Time Line
1980
Diamond vs Chakrabarty Supreme Court
Case ruled that genetically altered life can
be patented by the one who altered it.
Biotech Time Line
1983
Kary Mullis creates the Polymerase Chain
Reaction as a tool for amplifying, or
copying, DNA in vitro.
Biotech Time Line
1984
Sir Alec Jeffreys develops the tool of DNA
typing, also known as DNA fingerprinting
Major tool used in forensics
Biotech Time Line
1986
First recombinant vaccine for humans was
produced for hepatitis
Biotech Time Line
1997
Ian Wilmut successfully cloned the first
mammal, a sheep named Dolly
Biotech Time Line
1998
First human embryonic stem cell lines
were produced
Biotech Time Line
2003
Human Genome Project was completed.
Started in 1990 with the task of
sequencing every gene in the human cell.
Found the sequence of over 24,000
genes.
Biotech Time Line
2007
Dr. Anthony Atala of WFIRM announces
the discovery of stem cells found in
amniotic fluid
Biotech Time Line
2008
Armed Forces Institute of Regenerative
Medicine is formed to research
regenerative medicine technology that can
be used to treat injured soldiers
Biotech Time Line
2010
First synthetic cell is created by the labs of
Craig Ventor, a major player in the Human
Genome Project
Types of Companies
Research and Development
Full Service: single product line
Full Service: diversified product lines
Contract Manufacturers
Organizational Structure
CEO
CFO
Finance
Accounting
COO
Mfg
QC
Formulation
Filling
CIO
Materials
QA
Raw Materials
Inspectors
In process and
finished goods
Document control
Typists
Compliance
VP R&D
ProgrammersPhD scientists
Receiving and
Distribution
VP Medical
Clinical Affairs Regulatory
Research Assistants
Chief Executives
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
COO: Chief Operations Officer
CIO: Chief Information Officer
CFO: Chief Financial Officer
VP Research and Development
VP Medical or Medical Affairs
VP Sales and Marketing
Careers in Biotech
Research scientist
Design and carryout experiments
Associates -PhD
Internships and fellowships
$35-85
Quality Control
Monitors quality of product and services
BA or MS
Trained as an engineer or scientist and
move in to QC role after yrs of experience
$71K
Quality Assurance
Monitors the process for quality
BA or MS
Trained in Business, Engineering,
Statistics and then moves into QA role
after yrs of exp.
$89K
Bio-processing Engineer
Monitor and develops the process of drug
manufacturing in a develop system
BS
College courses and on the job
$70K
Bio-Statistician
Design research projects and analyze data
MS or PhD
Statistics, biostatistics or applied math
$70K
Metrology
Develops processes and systems to
measure objects
HS or above
Math, science, and technology
$59 K
Regulatory Affairs
Assure proper legal paperwork has been
completed for FDA
BS, MS, PhD, Law degree
On the job
Complete certification
$40-100k
Clinical Affairs
Designing and monitoring clinical trials
with human patients
BS, MS, RN, PhD, MD, Law degree
On the job
$70 - $150K
Biomedical Engineer
Designs machines and equipment of
patient care
BS or MS
On the job
$75K
Intellectual Property Officer
Maintain information and documentation
on discoveries made by a company
MS or PhD
Trained in other science and move into
position
$75K
Maintenance & Instrumentation
Technician
Testing, maintaining, and troubleshooting
equipment
AAS
Electronics, technology
$47K
Patent Lawyer
Represents company for filing patents for
ownership of products and ideas
Law degree
Fellowship
$115K
Sales and Marketing
Advertise and market products
BS and MS
Management, sells, marketing
$78K
Forensic Psychiatrist
Focuses on how mental health affects
legal issues
4 yrs college+ 4 yrs med school + 4 yrs
residency
1 yr of fellowship and board certification
$140-180K
Forensic Pathologist
Performs autopsies and determines the
cause, mechanism and manner of death
4 yrs college+ 4 yrs med school + 4 yrs
residency
1 yr of fellowship and board certification
Mastery of several disciplines
$75-200K
STEM Careers Pay
Mathematical Sciences
$70,000
Engineering
$75,000
Computer Technology
$67,000
Life Science
$64,000
All Occupations
All STEM Occupations
$38,000
$65,000
It Pays to Stay in School
Biotech Time Line
2011
A Federal Court of Appeals upheld the
rights of science companies to hold
patents on genes that they have
sequenced