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Transcript
The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat? Regents Biology 2006-2007 Elements of Life 96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) Regents Biology The World of Elements Regents Biology Ionization of water & pH Water ionizes -H+ splits off from H2O, leaving OH– -if [H+] = [-OH], neutral = 7 -if [H+] > [-OH], acidic = 0-6.9 -if [H+] < [-OH], basic = 8-14 pH scale how acidic or basic a solution is 0 7 14 Regents Biology H2O H+ + OH– H+ Ion Concentration pH Scale Regents Biology pH Examples of Solutions 100 0 10–1 1 10–2 2 Stomach acid, Lemon juice 10–3 3 Vinegar, cola, beer 10–4 4 Tomatoes 10–5 5 Black coffee, Rainwater 10–6 6 Urine, Saliva 10–7 7 Pure water, Blood 10–8 8 Seawater 10–9 9 Baking soda 10–10 10 Great Salt Lake 10–11 11 Household ammonia 10–12 12 Household bleach 10–13 13 Oven cleaner 10–14 14 Sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid pH & cellular regulation pH of cells must be kept ~7 -pH affects shape of molecules -shape of molecules affect function -pH affects cellular function Buffering range pH 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Regents Biology 0 1 2 3 4 5 Amount of base added Molecules of Life Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? carbohydrates sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids DNA, RNA Regents Biology Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair Food to make energy calories to make ATP Regents Biology ATP Regents Biology What do we need to eat? Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy for building & running bodies carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids vitamins minerals, salts water Regents Biology Don’t forget water Water 65% of your body is H2O water is inorganic doesn’t contain carbon Rest of you is made of carbon molecules organic molecules carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids Regents Biology Regents Biology How do we make these molecules? We build them! Regents Biology 2006-2007 Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules Big molecules built from little molecules polymers Regents Biology Building large organic molecules Small molecules = building block (monomers-glucose) Bond them together = polymers Regents Biology (starch) Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins = built from amino acids amino amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide (Nucleotide=sugar,phosphate,base) Regents Biology Regents Biology How to build large molecules Synthesis building bigger molecules from smaller molecules building cells & bodies + ATP Regents Biology How to take large molecules apart Digestion (hydolysis) taking big molecules apart getting raw materials making energy (ATP) Disaccharide=2 sugars 2 monosaccharides + ATP Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology Example of digestion ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP starch ATP glucose ATP Starch is digested to glucose Regents Biology Regents Biology Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids Regents Biology