Download Ch 2 BS Chemistry of Living things

CHEMISTRY OF
LIVING THINGS
ICBS 130
Chapter 2 Body Structures
CHEMISTRY

Study of the structure of matter.
 Composition
of substances
Their properties
 Chemical reactions


Biochemistry
 Study
of chemical reactions of living things
MATTER

Matter can not be destroyed or created.
 Can

change form though
Gas into liquid, solid into liquid, liquid into gas
Energy

Ability to do work or put matter into motion
Body Energy

Potential energy
 Stored
energy in the cells
 Waiting to be used

Kinetic Energy
 Results
in motion/movement
Potential energy,
is energy at rest
ATOMS


Smallest piece of an element
Made up of subatomic particles
 Protons

Positive charge and is one component of a nucleus
 Neutrons

No charge and is the 2nd component of a nucleus
 Electrons

Negative charge and are arranged around the nucleus
Atom

How the atom is arranged at the
subatomic level tells us what type of atom
it is.
 Such
as the difference between oxygen and
carbon
Elements

Are alike atoms (same type) that have
formed together
 So
if you have a single substance such as
calcium, this would be an atom.
 If the like substance is grouped together, it is
an element.
atom
elements
Compounds
Are different types of elements combined
together.
 The elements may change form when
added together.

Na (sodium) + Cl (chlorine)
Table salt
Compounds that are put together use
a “formula”
Common elements and compounds
Molecules

Is the smallest part of a compound that still
acts like a compound.
So if you take an earthworm (compound) and cut it up into small pieces
(molecule), it’s still an earthworm as it will still move about and grow.
Or take a cup of water and a teaspoon of water. It’s still water but in a smaller size.
Ions

Chemical bonds formed by electrons.
 If
atom Red gives up an electron to another
atom to form a bond, the Red atom will now
have a positive charge.
 If Yellow atom takes the extra electron and
forms a bond, the Yellow atom will now have
a negative charge.
Electrolytes

When compounds are in a solution and
have broken down to ions.
 Helps
break down materials to be altered and
helps form new substances or compounds.
 Responsible for the + and – charges within
tissue.
Organic Compounds
Found in all living things
 Always contain carbon
 Can combine with other elements to form
a large number of organic compounds.
 4 Major Groups

 Carbohydrates,
acids.
lipids, proteins, and nucleic
Carbohydrates

Divided into 3 groups
 Monosaccharides

(1 sugar or simple)
Glucose (glycogen), fructose (fruit)
 Disaccharides
(2 or double sugar)
Sucrose (table sugar), maltose (malt sugar), and
lactose (milk sugar)
 Have to be broken down into monosaccharides
before the body can digest it.

Carbohydrates con’t…
 Polysaccharides
(large/complex sugar)
Starch (potatoes), cellulose (plant tissue), and
glycogen.
 Must be broken down into disaccharides and then
monosaccharides before it can be digested.

Lipids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
 Fats

Contain glycerol and fatty acids.

AKA triglycerides, very abundant in the body
 Phospholipids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
phosphorus

Found in the brain, nervous tissue, and cell membranes.
Lipids con’t…
 Steroids

Contain cholesterol
Essential to the cell membrane
 Manufactures vitamin D
 Production of male and female hormones
 Helps make cortisol
 Can accumulate in the arteries
 Found in meat, eggs, and cheese
 Liver manufactures cholesterol

Proteins

Organic compounds containing carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
 Some
contain phosphorus and sulfur.
Found in all living things and every part of
a cell.
 Viruses have outer coats made of proteins

Proteins con’t…

Binding and structural capacity as in
fingernails, hair, cartilage, ligaments,
tendons, and muscles.
 Small
molecular units of proteins are called
Amino Acids.
Proteins are complicated.
Enzymes
Found in all living cells
 Have a specialized function;

 Help
control various chemical reactions within
the cell.
 Help provide energy
 Help make new cell parts
 AKA organic catalyst
Nucleic Acids
Organic compound
 Largest known organic molecule
 Known as DNA and RNA

DNA






Process of heredity
Double stranded
46 chromosomes
Chromosomes contain about 100,000 genes.
Genetic information tells a cell what it will
become or function as.
Passes the information from one generation to
the next.
RNA


Single stranded
3 Different types
 m-RNA
Messenger RNA, carries instructions for
protein synthesis
 t-RNA Transfer RNA, picks up amino acids in the
cytoplasm and transfers them to the ribosomes to
form proteins.
 r-RNA Ribosomal RNA, helps in the attachment of
the m-RNA to the ribosome.
 http://exploringorigins.org/rna.html
Acids
Sour taste
 Substance that ends up with + ions
 Turn test paper (litmus) red

acid – found in stomach
 Acetic acid – found in vinegar
 Sulfuric acid – found in batteries
 Hydrochloric
Bases
Alkali substance
 In water, changes to + charged ions
 Bitter taste
 Slippery
 Turn test paper blue

 Milk
of magnesia
 Household liquid cleaners
Neutralization and salts

When an acid and base are mixed
together it forms salt and water.
 Reaction
to the combination is called
Neutralization.
PH Scale

Used to measure the alkalinity or acidity of
a solution.
Homeostasis
A state in which the body functions
properly.
 Maintaining a proper ph level in the body.

Homeostasis con’t…

Intracellular:
 Fluid

Extracellular
 Fluid

within a cell
surrounding the cell
With proper maintenance homeostasis
exist in the body all the way to the cellular
level allowing exchanges to take place in
and out of the cell.