Download Viral Structure Lec. 2

Viral Structure
Structure of a Virus
• Questions Relating to Structure
– Is it rigid?
– How big is it?
– Is it flexible
• Structure Must Serve Virus
– It should provide protection for genome
– It should allow virus to move from one host to next
– It should allow for attachment of virus on to new host
Structural Components
• Viral Capsid
– Capsid means “box”
• Capsid can be square, tetrahedron or icosahedron
– Capsid is made up of protein
– Capsid is the storage site for genome
– Many capsids have a ‘shell’ structure
– Genome + Capsid = Nucleocapsid
– Capsid is made up of polymeric proteins to conserve genome
• Ex. 5 Kb genome requires 30,000 a/a capsid, which means
90 Kb genome just for capsid!!
• Solution: use multiple copies of same protein
• Viral Envelope
– It is the covering of the nucleocapsid
– Made up of a phospholipid bilayer
– It should allow for attachment of virus on to new host
Tools for Studying Viral Structure
• Electron Microscopy
– Excellent tool with some limitations
• High resolution
• Image can be a distortion due to specimen
processing
• X-ray Diffraction
– Good for naked virions (no envelope)
• Cryoelectron Microscopy
– Flash frozen with liquid nitrogen
Structural Symmetries
• Icosahedral Symmetry
– 20 triangular faces
– It is a common capsid structure
– Examples of viruses with icosahedral symmetry
• Parvoviruses
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These are simple viruses
5 Kb ssDNA genome
Capsid is formed with 60 copies of single protein
Protein is approximately 520 a/a
1/3 of genome is dedicated to capsid
• Polio virus
– Uses 180 copies of 3 subunit proteins
– Much bigger virus
•Desmodium Yellow Mottle
Virus
•X-Ray Crystallography
•Icosahedral Symmetry
Other Structural Symmetries
Fig. 2.7 The helical nucleocapsid of tobacco mosaic virus.
Other Structural Proteins
• Core Proteins
– Can originate from host
• Ex. Histones
– Can also be virally coded
– Their function is to condense viral genome
• Scaffolding Proteins
– Facilitate capsid formation
– Facilitate docking of proteins
– Facilitate stability of proteins during assembly
– Not included inside virion
Viral Envelope
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Lipid bilayer
Most originate from cellular host
Cholesterol and glycoproteins are present
In cases where budding occurs at the plasma
membrane (Ex. Influenza) envelope resembles
host’s plasma membrane i.e cholesterol and
phospholipids
• In cases where budding occurs at the ER (Ex.
Flaviviruses) envelope has less cholesterol, similar
to ER
Viral Glycoproteins
• Glycoproteins
– Short cytoplasmic tail
– Hydrophobic segment for anchoring (~20 amino acids)
– Relatively large ectodomain (external domain)
• Ectodomain
– Extensively glycosylated preventing aggregation of virions
– Glycosylation attracts water and reduces sticking (carried out in
ER)
– Palmitoylation of cysteine residues is also extensive (carried out in
ER)
• Most envelope proteins are type I
– That means N-terminus facing out, C terminus near anchor domain
– Some though are type II
Viral Budding
• Several budding mechanims exist
• Envelope proteins create 2-D pools excluding
cellular memberane proteins
• Capsids can bind ‘cytoplasmic’ tails of envelope
proteins
– Binding of capsid proteins and envelope proteins is
mediated by matrix proteins in viruses with helical
nucleocapsids (Ex. influenza budding)
• When budding takes place eventually, capsid
‘wraps’ itself around host plasma membrane
Influenza Viral Budding
Matrix protein (M) interacts with HA and NA
HA are glycoproteins on envelope
Interaction occurs at the level of their cytoplasmic tail
M protein also interacts with helical nucleocapsid proteins
RNP
Semliki Forrest Viral Budding
Direct interaction between icosahedral capsid and envelope
proteins
No Matrix protein involved
Interaction at the level of cytoplasmic tail of envelope protein