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DNA - The Stuff of Life DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • The HEREDITARY molecule CONTROLLING the ACTIVITIES of the cell DNA Structure • WATSON and CRICK proposed the structure in 1952 • Others worked on the structure DNA Structure • NUCLEOTIDE –The BUILDING block of the DNA ladder NUCLEOTIDE • Composed of 1. PHOSPHATE 2. DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR 3. NITROGENOUS BASE NUCLEOTIDE NUCLEOTIDE Four Kinds of Nitrogenous Bases • Purines –Contain 2 rings • Adenine (A) • Guanine (G) Purines have 2 rings Four Kinds of Nitrogenous Bases • Pyrimidines –Contain 1 ring • Thymine (T) • Cytosine (C) Pyrimidines have 1 ring Four Kinds of Nitrogenous Bases • Adenine pairs with Thymine with two HYDROGEN bonds • A always pairs with T Four Kinds of Nitrogenous Bases • Guanine pairs with Cytosine with three HYDROGEN bonds • G always pairs with C Key words of DNA Shape • DOUBLE stranded • LADDER shape • sides of PHOSPHATE & SUGAR Key words of DNA Shape • RUNGS of bases • COILED (double helix) REPLICATION • Making an EXACT COPY of a DNA molecule • SELF doubling Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis • The process of MAKING proteins Transcription • The process of CHANGING the DNA pattern into messenger RNA Messenger RNA • BRINGS coded information from DNA to the RIBOSOMES Ribosomes • The PROTEIN FACTORIES of the cell Translation • The process of CHANGING the information of messenger RNA into proteins Transfer RNA • The RNA that CARRIES the amino acids to the ribosomes and PAIRS with mRNA Codon • Combination of THREE bases of mRNA that determines the order of amino acids DNA vs. RNA Differences in RNA • 1. Single stranded helix • 2. Ribose Sugar • 3. Base uracil instead of thymine Differences in RNA • 4. Two kinds of RNA (mRNA, tRNA) • 5. RNA found in the nucleus and cytoplasm • 6. Smaller in size Transcription Translation Control of the Cell DNA Proteins Produces MAKES mRNA Translation Traits Bell Quiz: 1- What is translation? 2- What is transcription? 3- What is the difference between DNA and RNA? 4- Adenine pairs with__________ 5- Cytosine pairs with___________. Bell Quiz: You are Bill Nye the Science Guy….Be a tour guide and write a paragraph describing the process of DNA replication. (the process you went through to make the DNA bracelet) Review for Test: 1- Who is Watson & Crick? What did they discover? 2- What is DNA? Where is it found? What does it stand for? 3-What makes up DNA? What does it look like? 4-What would be the complement DNA strand to the following: ATTCGGCTA 5-What would a complement RNA strand look like for the following: ACGAAGCAA Review for Test: 6- What is a codon? 7-What is the difference between the DNA of a mouse and a cat? 8-What makes up a nucleotide? 9-What do ribosomes do? 10-What is the difference between RNA and DNA? 11-Where is DNA found? 12-What is transcription? 13-What is translation? 14-What is replication?