Download Key Area 8 Respiration

Starter Activity:
Think: what do you know about respiration?
Discuss this with your partner and your
teacher will then lead a class discussion.
Key Area 8
Respiration
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning where
our energy comes from.
Success Criteria: Be able to name the type
of energy our body uses and where it comes
from.
Be able to carry out an investigation to find out
which food has the most energy.
Energy
• We need energy in order to carry out
simple functions and strenuous tasks.
• The energy we need comes in the form
of chemical energy from our food.
• This is mainly in the form of glucose.
Energy
• When food is burned, the chemical
energy is converted to heat energy.
• Therefore, to test how much energy is
in a food, we can burn it and measure
the heat it gives off.
1. Write the title and aim.
2. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
3. Method: Draw out the diagram below (in pencil).
4.Results: Copy and complete table.
Food
Temperature
of water
at start (oC)
Temperature of
water
at end (oC)
Temperature
rise (oC)
5. Write a conclusion based on your results and relate it back to your aim.
6. Evaluation: Discuss the reliability and validity of your results.
The most energy
• Fats have double the amount of energy
than carbohydrates and proteins.
• Energy is measured in kilojoules (kJ).
Think back to your starter . . .
Respiration
• Process that
releases
chemical
energy from
food.
• Occurs in
every living
cell.
• Controlled by
enzymes.
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning where
our energy comes from.
Success Criteria: Be able to name the type
of energy our body uses and where it comes
from.
Be able to carry out an investigation to find out
which food has the most energy.
Starter Activity:
On a show me board, in your own words,
answer the following:
What is respiration?
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
the energy currency our body uses.
Success Criteria: Be able to name the
energy our body uses.
Be able to describe the role it plays in the
body.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
•Provides us with an immediate energy source.
•Is composed of one adenosine group and
three inorganic phosphates.
•Is reusable.
•Quantity of ATP in the body stays more or less
constant.
Adenosine
Pi
Pi
Pi
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
•This is the structure that is formed when
high energy ATP is broken down into its low
energy ADP + Pi.
Adenosine
Pi
Pi
+
Pi
Adenosine
Pi
Pi
Pi
ATP
(HIGH ENERGY
STATE)
Breakdown,
releasing
energy
Building up
(phosphorylation)
requiring energy
ADP+Pi (LOW ENERGY STATE)
Adenosine
Pi
Pi
energy
Pi
Production of ATP
• ATP is released when energy-rich
substances such as glucose are broken
down.
In the lab , energy
from glucose is
released quickly as
heat and light.
In living cells it is a
gradual process
with a steady
release of energy.
Role of ATP
• Make energy available for many
processes:
– Muscular contraction
– Active transport of molecules
– Transmission of nerve impulses
– Synthesis of proteins.
Role of ATP
Carbon
dioxide +
water
energy
energy
ENERGY TRANSFER
RESPIRATION
Glucose +
Oxygen
Amino
acids
ATP
energy
ADP +
Pi
WORK
energy
Protein
Turnover of ATP
• Estimated that some active cells require
approx. 2 million molecules of ATP per
second!!
– Made possible by rapid turnover
ATP is manufactured at the same time as
it is used so no need for vast stores
-approx. 50g ATP in body constantly
Find Someone Who…
1. Can name the
part of the cell
where aerobic
respiration
takes place.
2. Can draw a
molecule of
ATP.
3. Can explain
how ATP is
made.
4. Can tell you
two uses of ATP
in the body.
5. Can draw a
molecule of
ADP.
6. Can explain
what happens
when the last
bond in ATP is
broken.
7. Can identify
the main food
group that we
get our energy
from.
8. Can state the
energy rich
molecule found
in the main food
group that
provides us with
energy.
Fold one piece of A4 paper in half three times so you have eight sections.
Ask eight different people to answer the questions.
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
the energy currency our body uses.
Success Criteria: Be able to name the
energy our body uses.
Be able to describe the role it plays in the
body.
Starter Activity:
Think:
What are four roles of ATP in the body?
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
respiration in the presence of oxygen.
Success Criteria: Be able to name stage 1 of
respiration with oxygen.
Be able to describe the process of
respiration with oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration
• Aerobic respiration is when respiration
takes place in the presence of oxygen.
Watch and Listen
• Video Clip
Stage 1- Glycolysis
• Glycolysis occurs in the
cytoplasm.
• It is the sequence of
reactions that converts 6
carbon glucose molecule
into two 3 carbon
pyruvate molecules with
the production of a
relatively small amount of
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
GLUCOSE (6C)
NET GAIN 2ATP
2x
PYRUVATE (3C)
Aerobic Respiration
• Although “aerobic” means “with oxygen”,
oxygen is not required for stage 1.
• Oxygen is required for stage 2.
Stage 2
This stage has no
official name.
Pyruvate
It takes place in the
mitochondria.
This process requires
oxygen, and is
36ADP + 36Pi
therefore aerobic.
It converts pyruvate
into carbon dioxide
and water and
releases 36 ATP.
This is controlled by
enzymes.
36ATP
Series of
enzyme
controlled
reactions
Carbon dioxide +
Water
Aerobic Respiration
• Requires a suitable temperature as it is
controlled by a series of enzymes.
• Stage 2 requires oxygen.
• Every 1 glucose molecule makes 38 ATP
in total (2ATP from stage 1 and 36ATP
from stage 2).
Summary of Complete process
of Aerobic Respiration
Stage 1 – Glycolysis
2ADP + 2 Pi
Does not require
oxygen
2ATP
Stage 2
36ADP + 36Pi
Requires oxygen
36ATP
Combined total
38ATP
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
respiration in the presence of oxygen.
Success Criteria: Be able to name stage 1 of
respiration with oxygen.
Be able to describe the process of
respiration with oxygen.
Starter Activity:
On a show me board, using no notes, can you
draw out aerobic respiration.
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
respiration in the absence of oxygen that takes
place in animals.
Success Criteria: Be able to name the
process of respiration in the absence of oxygen
Be able to describe the process of respiration in
the absence of oxygen .
Be able to name the conditions that an
animal would be in to carry out this process.
Watch and Listen
• Video Clip
Fermentation Pathway in Animals
Fermentation is a type of respiration that
occurs in the cytoplasm in the absence of oxygen.
Animals have to use this pathway:
a)
b)
In oxygen poor environments e.g. stagnant water or
mud.
When exercising vigorously.
Stage 1- Glycolysis
• Glycolysis occurs in the
cytoplasm.
• It is the sequence of
reactions that converts 6
carbon glucose molecule
into two 3 carbon
pyruvate molecules with
the production of a
relatively small amount of
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
GLUCOSE (6C)
NET GAIN 2ATP
2x
PYRUVATE (3C)
Stage 2
Pyruvate
No ATP is
made
during
this stage
Lactic Acid
Effects of Lactic Acid on Muscle Cells.
• Muscle cells respire anaerobically during vigorous
exercise (sprinting, marathon running and weight lifting).
• MUSCLE FATIGUE is caused as lactic acid builds up in
the muscle cells making them ache and contract less
powerfully.
• The OXYGEN DEBT is the volume of oxygen required to
convert lactic acid back to pyruvate during the recovery
period after exercise.
• Fermentation in animals is reversible!
• The RECOVERY PERIOD is important to remove the
lactic acid which has built up.
Fermentation Pathway in Animals
• The fermentation pathway in animals is
reversible.
• It produces on 2ATP for every glucose
molecule.
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
respiration in the absence of oxygen that takes
place in animals.
Success Criteria: Be able to name the
process of respiration in the absence of oxygen
Be able to describe the process of respiration in
the absence of oxygen .
Be able to name the conditions that an
animal would be in to carry out this process.
Starter Activity:
Answer the following questions in your
question jotter:
1) What is the name given to the type of
respiration carried out in animals in the
absence of oxygen?
2) Name stage 1 of this type of respiration.
3) How does this type of respiration differ
from aerobic respiration?
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
respiration in the absence of oxygen that takes
place in plants and yeast.
Success Criteria: Be able to name the
process of respiration in the absence of oxygen
Be able to describe the process of respiration in
the absence of oxygen .
Be able to name the conditions that plants or yeast
would be in to carry out this process.
Fermentation Pathway in Plants
and Yeast
Fermentation is a type of respiration that
occurs in the cytoplasm in the absence of
oxygen.
Plants and yeast have to use the fermentation
Pathway:
a) When root cells of plants are in waterlogged
soil.
b) When yeast cells are being used to make
wine.
Stage 1- Glycolysis
• Glycolysis occurs in the
cytoplasm.
• It is the sequence of
reactions that converts 6
carbon glucose molecule
into two 3 carbon
pyruvate molecules with
the production of a
relatively small amount of
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
GLUCOSE (6C)
NET GAIN 2ATP
2x
PYRUVATE (3C)
Stage 2
Pyruvate
No ATP is
made
during
this stage
Carbon Dioxide
+ Ethanol
Fermentation Pathway in Plants
and Yeast
• This pathway is irreversible as the
carbon dioxide produced is lost to the
environment.
Fermentation Pathway in Plants
and Yeast
• The fermentation pathway in plants and
yeast is irreversible
• It produces on 2ATP for every glucose
molecule
Comparing Respiration
• Copy and complete the table below.
Type of
Respiration
Aerobic
Fermentation
in Plants &
Yeast
Fermentation
in Animals
Where it
takes
place
Products
How many
ATP
produced in
stage 2
Total ATP
produced
Is the
reaction
reversible?
Answers
Type of
Respiration
Where it
takes place
Products
How many Total
ATP
ATP
produced produced
in stage
2
Is the
reaction
reverisble
?
Aerobic
Cytoplasm
then
mitochondria
Carbon dioxide
and water
36
38
no
Fermentation
in Plants &
Yeast
Cytoplasm
Carbon dioxide
and ethanol
0
2
no
Fermentation
in Animals
Cytoplasm
Lactic acid
0
2
yes
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
respiration in the absence of oxygen that takes
place in plants and yeast.
Success Criteria: Be able to name the
process of respiration in the absence of oxygen
Be able to describe the process of respiration in
the absence of oxygen .
Be able to name the conditions that plants or yeast
would be in to carry out this process.