Download TAKS Objective 2: The student knows the structures and functions of

Instructions
Students will turn in extra credit to their
science teacher. The requirements and
format is found on the attachment.
Some slides consist of activities that the
students will perform.
Students will take notes from other slides.
Protein Synthesis
DNA Structure
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Protein
Importance of DNA
Heavy drinking
can cause
errors in DNA
 High risk of
liver cancer
from heavy
drinking

DNA- What’s all the hype???
Copy down the following questions. Click
on the DNA icon at the bottom and
answer the questions using the video.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the purpose of DNA in our bodies?
What bases pair up together?
What does D.N.A. stand for?
Where is DNA located in the cell?
What kind of bond links together bases of
DNA?
Structure of DNA

What is the sugar?


What are the bases?


Guanine, Adenine,
Cytosine, and Thymine
What is a base, sugar,
and phosphate


Deoxyribose
Nucleotide
What is the shape of
the DNA molecule


Alpha helix
Double stranded
Structure of DNA


DNA is made up of Sugars, Phosphates, and
Bases
Draw and label the diagram with B, P, and S

Bases (B) bind to other bases (B) and sugars (S)
Phosphates (P) just bind to sugars (S)

Sugars bind to bases (B) and phosphates (P)

Structure of DNA
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
Genes

A gene is a
portion of DNA
that produces
a protein
TAKS Question 1 –

If the template of a strand of DNA is
5’ AATGCATC 3’, the complementary
strand will be –




F. 3’ UUACGUAG 5’
G. 5’ CUACGUAGA 3’
H. 3’ TTACGTAG 5’
J. 5’ AGACGTCTA 3’
TAKS Question 1 –

If the template of a strand of DNA is
5’ AATGCATC 3’, the complementary
strand will be –




F. 3’ UUACGUAG 5’
G. 5’ CUACGUAGA 3’
H. 3’ TTACGTAG 5’
J. 5’ AGACGTCTA 3’
DNA Replication
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Protein
DNA Replication = Making Copies
Why is it important to make copies?
1. List 5 things someone makes copies of
2. For each of the 5 things you listed, state
the reason for making copies
Why does the cell make copies?

Cells need
copies to
give to
other cells
DNA
Process of DNA Replication
3. Creation of
DNA Copies
1. Unzip DNA Strand
2. Addition of
Bases, Sugars
and
Phosphates
Unzipping of DNA Strand
DNA strand unzips with an enzyme
creating two parent strands
 Draw and label the following
on the zipper: Sugars and Phosphates

Helicase Unwinding Enzyme
Bases
Unzipping of DNA Strand

DNA strand unzips with an enzyme
creating two parent strands
Bases
Enzyme
Sugar and Phosphate Sides
Addition of DNA Parts
Another enzyme
called DNA
polymerase adds:



Bases
Phosphates
Sugars
DNA
Polymerase
End of Replication


When DNA replication
is complete, two
strands are produced
Each of the two
strands are made one
old strand (preexisting strand split by
helicase) and one new
strand (strand created
when nucleotides were
added by DNA
Polymerase)
Transcription
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Protein
RNA Structure

Characteristics of
mRNA



Single-stranded
Has ribose sugar
(“R” in RNA)
Contains bases
adenine (A), guanine
(G), cytosine (C),
and uracil (U)*
*NOT THYMINE;
thymine is only found
in DNA
Transcription- Creation of an mRNA Strand

RNA strand is made like a DNA strand
except U is added instead of T
DNA to DNA
A
C
C
A
G
T
G
G
T
C
DNA to RNA
A
C
C
T
G
U
G
G
U
C
Purpose of Transcription
A segment of DNA
called a gene makes
messenger RNA
(mRNA) because it
carries the
instructions of how to
make a protein.
 Each part is
expressed in a three
base sequence called
a codon

TAKS Question 2 –
Which of these represents the DNA segment from which
this section of mRNA was transcribed?
A. ACTAAG
B. TCUTTG
C. GAAUCU
D. UCCTGA
TAKS Question 2 –
Which of these represents the DNA segment from which
this section of mRNA was transcribed?
A. ACTAAG
B. TCUTTG
C. GAAUCU
D. UCCTGA
Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA
in a Venn Diagram

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine,
Uracil, Deoxyribose, Ribose, Double
Stranded, Single Stranded, Phosphate
DNA
RNA
Translation
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Protein
Purpose of Translation

Protein is made
from mRNA through
translation


The basic unit of a
protein is an amino
acid
One amino acid is
determined by a set
of three bases called
a codon.
tRNA and Translation


Transfer RNA
(tRNA) transfers
each amino acid
together.
Codon
Anti-codon
tRNA has the
anticodon, which
allows it to bind to
the mRNA strand.
Using a Codon Chart
mRNA: AUG CCA UGU AGG UAG
Protein: Methionine
Proline
Cysteine…
Interactive Transcription and Translation

Click on DNA picture for transcription and
translation practice
Location of Transcription &
Translation




Transcription occurs
in the nucleus of
the cell
Translation occurs
outside the nucleus,
in ribosomes
Ribosomes contain
Ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
Draw a cell and
specify the location
of transcription and
translation
TAKS Question 3 –
Genes contain instructions for assembling –
A. Purines
B. Nucleosomes
C. Proteins
D. Pyrimidines
TAKS Question 3 –
Genes contain instructions for assembling –
A. Purines
B. Nucleosomes
C. Proteins
D. Pyrimidines
SummaryDefine
 Define
 Define
 Define
 Define

Transcription:
Translation:
mRNA:
DNA:
Protein:
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Protein