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DNA and Protein Synthesis Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids - Function • Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms make proteins. Nucleic Acids – Types • DNA –Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA –Ribonucleic Acid As you know, DNA stands for…. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Is DNA a monomer or polymer 50% 50% 1. Monomer 2. Polymer The monomer units of DNA are known as…. NUCLEOTIDES All nucleotides have three “parts” in common. They all contain…. One of FOUR different NITROGEN BASES Phosphate Group Sugar= Deoxyribose PLEASE UNDERSTAND, A NUCLEOTIDE IS A VERY COMPLEX STRUCTURE. IF WE REPRESENTED ALL OF THE ATOMS, IT WOULD LOOK LIKE THIS… We will use our hands to represent a nucleotide. PHOSPHATE NITROGEN BASE SUGAR The four different Nitrogen Bases for DNA are abbreviated using the following letters…. A Adenine T Thymine G Guanine C Cytosine Using your two hands, please show how you think two nucleotides will/should bond together. Did you put your hands like this??? In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine using two hydrogen bonds. A T A AND T AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL In DNA GUANINE always pairs with CYTOSINE using three hydrogen bonds. G C G AND C AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL THE ENTIRE MOLECULE AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL Time to use your brain and hands in order to review nucleotide structure and type. USING YOUR HAND, SHOW ME THYMINE USING YOUR HAND SHOW ME ADENINE SHOW ME CYTOSINE SHOW ME HOW CYTOSINE AND THYMINE BOND TO FORM A RUNG ON THE LADDER THEY DON’T OK Now that you recognize nucleotide type and structure, it’s time to start building the polymer from these monomers. In order to make a molecule of DNA, you would need to create many rungs to the DNA ladder. Look. Many Rungs. Etc… What part of the nucleotide alternates to form the sides of the DNA ladder? Sugar, Phosphate. Sugar, Phosphate. Sugar, Phosphate. Etc… Etc… What makes up the “RUNGS” of the ladder? The Nitrogen Bases Go Ahead! Stack your hands on top of your partner’s hands building two rungs of the DNA ladder. TRY IT!!! If you link enough nucleotides together, the DNA molecule begins to take on the characteristic shape known as the Double Helix Let’s make a candy version of our DNA Let’s Review First… • • • • • • Nucleic Acid Nucleotide DNA RNA Nitrogen Base Double Helix Nucleic Acid – Structure • Made up of a chain of Nucleotides that contain – Phosphate backbone – Sugar – Nitrogen base • Guanine • Cytosine • Adenine • Thymine (Found only in DNA) Nucleic Acids DNA DNA SUGAR Phosphate Let’s see how well you looked at the diagram…regarding the nitrogen bases, Adenine always bonds with which one? Cytosine Thymine Guanine Uracil 3 4 21 22 23 24 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ra c ni ne 16 17 0% il 0% U ua Th in e yt os 2 C 1 0% ym in e 0% G 1. 2. 3. 4. 18 19 20 DNA SUGAR Phosphate Let’s make a candy version of our DNA Candy DNA • Pipe cleaner for the form • Red Twizzler = Deoxyribose • Black Twizzler = Phosphate • Colored Marshmallows = nitrogen bases Candy DNA • Colored Marshmallows = Nitrogen Bases – Pink Marshmallow = Adenine – Green Marshmallow = Thymine – Yellow Marshmallow = Cytosine – Orange Marshmallow = Guanine • We’ll use toothpicks to join the nitrogen bases to the sugar Let’s Build What actual structures make up the sides of the ladder? • Deoxyribose sugar • Phosphate What structures make up the rungs? • Nitrogen Bases What do you notice about all the DNA molecules in the room? • They are all different! DNA Replication • 1.) DNA unzips • 2.) Free nucleotides bond with open complementary base pairs • 3.) 2 new strands formed Let’s review DNA Let’s Build A Protein Protein Synthesis • It’s a process – DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein) RNA • Sugar is Ribose NOT what… • Has nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine – Also contains the other 3 bases…what are they? • Only single stranded RNA Transcription • 1.) DNA strand unzips – The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken • 2.) A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is made – Pair up the bases • 3.) mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm Transcription Why is mRNA called messenger RNA? • Because it carries the directions to make a protein to the ribosome like a message Translation • • • mRNA meets up with a ribosome…why?? tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes An mRNA codon will pair with a tRNA anticodon – – • Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA that specifies a specific amino acid Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in tRNA As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded together and will be released as a fully functional protein. Translation That’s the process, Now how do you know what amino acids make up a particular protein • We use an mRNA codon chart