Download Ch 2 BS

CHEMISTRY OF
LIVING THINGS
ICBS 130
Chapter 2 Body Structures
CHEMISTRY

Study of the structure of matter.
 Composition
of substances
Their properties
 Chemical reactions


Biochemistry
 Study
of chemical reactions of living things

Matter can not be destroyed or created.
 Can

change form though
Gas into liquid, solid into liquid, liquid into gas
Energy

Ability to do work or put matter into motion
Body Energy

Potential energy
 Stored
energy in the cells
 Waiting to be used

Kinetic Energy
 Results
in motion/movement
Potential energy,
is energy at rest
ATOMS


Smallest piece of an element
Made up of subatomic particles
 Protons

Positive charge and is one component of a nucleus
 Neutrons

No charge and is the 2nd component of a nucleus
 Electrons

Negative charge and are arranged around the nucleus

How the atom is arranged at the
subatomic level tells us what type of atom
it is.
 Such
as the difference between oxygen and
carbon
Elements

Are alike atoms (same type) that have
formed together
 So
if you have a single substance such as
calcium, this would be an atom.
 If the like substance is grouped together, it is
an element.
atom
elements
Compounds
Are different types of elements combined
together.
 The elements may change form when
added together.

Na (sodium) + Cl (chlorine)
Table salt
Compounds that are put together use
a “formula”
Common elements and compounds
Molecules

Is the smallest part of a compound that still
acts like a compound.
So if you take an earthworm (compound) and cut it up into small pieces
(molecule), it’s still an earthworm as it will still move about and grow.
Or take a cup of water and a teaspoon of water. It’s still water but in a smaller size.
Ions

Chemical bonds formed by electrons.
 If
atom Red gives up an electron to another
atom to form a bond, the Red atom will now
have a positive charge.
 If Yellow atom takes the extra electron and
forms a bond, the Yellow atom will now have
a negative charge.
Electrolytes

When compounds are in a solution and
have broken down to ions.
 Helps
break down materials to be altered and
helps form new substances or compounds.
 Responsible for the + and – charges within
tissue.
Inorganic Compounds
Most do not contain the
element carbon.
Exception are CO2 carbon
dioxide and
CaCO3 calcium carbonate.
Water is an inorganic
Compound.
Organic Compounds
Found in all living things
 Always contain carbon
 Can combine with other elements to form
a large number of organic compounds.
 4 Major Groups

 Carbohydrates,
acids.
lipids, proteins, and nucleic
Carbohydrates

Divided into 3 groups
 Monosaccharides

(1 sugar or simple)
Glucose (glycogen), fructose (fruit)
 Disaccharides
(2 or double sugar)
Sucrose (table sugar), maltose (malt sugar), and
lactose (milk sugar)
 Have to be broken down into monosaccharides
before the body can digest it.

 Polysaccharides
(large/complex sugar)
Starch (potatoes), cellulose (plant tissue), and
glycogen.
 Must be broken down into disaccharides and then
monosaccharides before it can be digested.

Lipids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
 Fats

Contain glycerol and fatty acids.

AKA triglycerides, very abundant in the body
 Phospholopids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
phosphorus

Found in the brain, nervous tissue, and cell membranes.
 Steroids

Contain cholesterol
Essential to the cell membrane
 Manufactures vitamin D
 Production of male and female hormones
 Helps make cortisol
 Can accumulate in the arteries
 Found in meat, eggs, and cheese
 Liver manufactures cholesterol

Proteins

Organic compounds containing carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
 Some
contain phosphorus and sulfur.
Found in all living things and every part of
a cell.
 Viruses have outer coats made of proteins


Binding and structural capacity as in
fingernails, hair, cartilage, ligaments,
tendons, and muscles.
 Small
molecular units of proteins are called
Amino Acids.
Proteins are complicated
Enzymes
Found in all living cells
 Have a specialized function;

 Help
control various chemical reactions within
the cell.
 Help provide energy
 Help make new cell parts
 AKA organic catalyst
Nucleic Acids
Organic compound
 Largest known organic molecule
 Known as DNA and RNA

DNA






Process of heredity
Double stranded
46 chromosomes
Chromosomes contain about 100,000 genes.
Genetic info tells a cell what it will become or
function as.
Passes the info from one generation to the next
RNA


Single stranded
3 Different types
 m-RNA
Messenger RNA, carries instructions for
protein synthesis
 t-RNA Transfer RNA, picks up amino acids in the
cytoplasm and transfers them to the ribosomes to
form proteins.
 r-RNA Ribosomal RNA, helps in the attachment of
the m-RNA to the ribosome.
Acids
Sour taste
 Substance that ends up with + ions
 Turn test paper (litmus) red

acid – found in stomach
 Acetic acid – found in vinegar
 Sulfuric acid – found in batteries
 Hydrochloric
Bases
Alkali substance
 In water, changes to - charged ions
 Bitter taste
 Slippery
 Turn test paper blue

 Milk
of magnesia
 Household liquid cleaners
Neutralization and salts

When an acid and base are mixed
together it forms salt and water.
 Reaction
to the combination is called
Neutralization.
PH Scale

Used to measure the alkalinity or acidity of
a solution.
Homeostasis
A state in which the body functions
properly.
 Maintaining a proper ph level in the body.


Intracellular:
 Fluid

Extracellular
 Fluid

within a cell
surrounding the cell
With proper maintenance homeostasis
exists in the body all the way to the cellular
level allowing exchanges to take place in
and out of the cell.