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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION AND HOMEOSTASIS Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems maintain relatively stable internal environments, even in the face of changing external environments. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Biology functions on many different levels; atoms, cells, organs. Each level, from smallest to largest, depends on one another to constitute this condition we call LIFE. • You are alive because every level of your organization is working together and operating properly within the boundaries we call… •HOMEOSTASIS LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Food Building Block T J LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Atom- The basic building blocks of all matter. The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element. • Molecule- A chemical structure composed of two or more atoms or elements. The atoms can be of the same or different elements. If it from two or more different elements, it is called a compound. • Macromolecules- Big molecules, especially carbohydrate, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in biology. – Macromolecules also make up the food we eat. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organelles- ‘Little Organs’- subunits or structures that carry out specialized functions within a biological cell. • Cells- The basic functional unit of life. The smallest unit of life that can be classified as living. The building blocks of life. • Tissue- A group of the same type of cell working together to perform a specialized function. – Muscle Tissue or Nervous Tissue LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organ- Two or more types of tissue working together to perform a specialized function. – Stomach• Muscle tissue moves lining • Epithelial tissue secrete enzymes • Organ System- A group of organs working together to perform a specialized function. – Muscular system or Nervous system. • Organism- A self-contained living system displaying all of the characteristics of life and having all of the requirements for life. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Food Building Block T J TISSUES TISSUES UNIT 3- ENERGY, MATTER, AND ORGANIZATION: RELATIONSHIPS IN LIVING SYSTEMS CHAPTER 8THE CELLULAR BASIS OF ACTIVITY UNIT 3- ENERGY, MATTER, AND ORGANIZATION: RELATIONSHIPS IN LIVING SYSTEMS CHAPTER 8THE CELLULAR BASIS OF ACTIVITY • Matter- Anything that occupies space and has mass. • Energy- The ability of a system or matter to do work. Determined by the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. • Atom- The basic building blocks of all matter. The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element. • Element- A substance consisting of the same type of atom and that can’t be broken down to form any simpler kinds of matter. • Molecule- A chemical structure composed of one or more atoms or elements. • Chemical Bonds- Forces that hold atoms or elements together in a predictable way. Forces that store energy in molecules. • Exothermic Reaction- Chemical reactions that release heat due the rearranging of molecules. • Endothermic Reaction- Chemical reactions that absorb heat due to the rearranging of molecules. • Potential Energy- Energy that is stored in the structure of matter and is available for use. • Kinetic Energy- Energy that is active and due to the motion of matter. • Conservation of Energy- The total amount of energy at the beginning of a process or reaction is the same as the total amount of energy at the end. When energy is converted or transferred is a reaction or system, it is not created or destroyed, just changed. • Synthesis- A chemical reaction where two or more smaller molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule. • Decomposition- A chemical reaction where a larger molecule is broken down into two or more smaller molecules. • Food- Material (matter), usually of plant or animal origin, that contains or consists of essential body nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals, and is ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, & maintain life FOOD (ORGANIC) MACROMOLECULES • Carbohydrates (bread, pasta, fruit, dairy, candy)- provide much of the energy that cells need. – The building blocks of carbohydrates are glucose molecules. Their chemical structure is in a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O. – They are also called saccharides • Mono- 1- glucose, fructose • Di- 2- sucrose • Poly- many- starch – Carbs must be broken down to their simplest form (glucose) in order for cells to use them. FOOD (ORGANIC) MACROMOLECULES • Lipids (fat, oils)- organic substances that are insoluble in water, but break down in organic solvents. • The building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol. – Lipids are what carbs turn into when you don’t use them – They are much harder to break down and metabolize FOOD (ORGANIC) MACROMOLECULES • Proteins (meats, nuts, dairy)- serve as structural material and quick energy sources. – The building blocks of proteins are amino acids – Proteins serve as enzymes, molecules that help speed up metabolic reactions – Proteins are the building blocks of the body, but don’t provide much lasting energy as food UNIT 3- ENERGY, MATTER, AND ORGANIZATION: RELATIONSHIPS IN LIVING SYSTEMS CHAPTER 8- THE CELLULAR BASIS OF ACTIVITY • KEEP ON RUNNING! (P. 294) 1. Energy is required for all cellular biochemical reactions in a body. Energy causes molecules in the cells to be rearranged. This is a matter-energy relationship for biology. • Adenosine TriPhosphate- The molecule that is commonly used as a direct source of energy by organisms. A molecule that is broken down from large, long term storage molecules, like glycogen, into a smaller form that can be used as a direct source of energy. • Enzymes- Large molecules, usually proteins, that act as catalysts and regulate chemical reactions in cells. They reduce the amount of energy needed to start the reaction and each one targets a specific reaction. – calorie- The unit of measurement used to designate the amount of energy contained in food or the amount of energy an organism uses to operate. – The amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram (milliliter) of water 1 Celsius. – When looking at food, calories are given in kilocalories (1,000 calories), written with a capital Calories. – If a food says it has 200 Calories per serving, that means it really has 200 kilocalories or 200,000 calories. • To calculate the number of kilocalories (energy) per given amount of food (matter), you must do the following calculations. 1. Start with a given amount of food- in grams. 2. Calculate the amount of degrees Celsius it raises 100 mls of water. 3. Multiply the temperature change by 100 to get calories. 4. (temp change) x (100 mls H20)= calories 5. Divide the number of calories by 1,000 to get kilocalories. 1. (calories) / (1,000)= kilocalories 6. Determine the mass of the food burned. 1. (initial mass) – (final mass)= burned mass 7. Divide the amount of kilocalories by the burned mass. 8. (kilocalories) / (burned mass)= kilocalories per gram of energy in the food. 9. Amount of energy per amount of matter MATTER INTO ENERGY ENERGY INTO MATTER CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS GETTING ENERGY OUT OF MATTER- CELLULAR RESPIRATION • Matter- Food we eat – Especially Carbs & Fat • Cellular Respiration – Glycolysis – Krebs Cycle – Electron Transport System • Energy- ATP WHERE DOES CELLULAR RESPIRATION OCCUR? OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION GLYCOLYSIS- SPLITTING OF GLUCOSE • • • • • • Occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of cells Does NOT require oxygen Requires 2 ATP to split glucose Produces 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP overall) Produces 2 NADH (that go to ETS) Produces 2 Pyruvic Acids (Pyruvate) – Pyruvate converted to Acetyl CoA & go to Krebs Cycle – Conversion of Pyruvate produces 2 CO2 PRODUCT OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION 2 CO2 6 H2O 4 CO2 6 O2 KREBS CYCLE- AKA CITRIC ACID CYCLE • • • • • • After Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA Occurs in the mitochondria Completes the breakdown of Glucose Provides hydrogen atoms for the ETS REQUIRES OXYGEN One Cycle for EACH pyruvate/acetyl CoA – SO TWICE FOR EACH GLUCOSE • TOTAL YIELD- two cycles – – – – 4 CO2 2 ATP Directly 6 NADH- 18 ATP in ETS 2 FADH2- 4 ATP in ETS KREBS CYCLE TWO TIMES FOR EACH GLUCOSE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM • PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION STEP • Converts e- from NADH & FADH2 to manufacture ATP • Occurs in the mitochondria • REQUIRES OXYGEN • TOTAL YIELD- for each glucose – 2 NADH FROM GLYCOLYSIS – 2 NADH FROM PYRUVATE/ACETYL COA – 6 NADH FROM KREBS CYCLE – 2 FADH2 FROM KREBS CYCLE • TOTAL 6 ATP 6 ATP 18 ATP 4 ATP 34 ATP PHOTOSYNTHESIS light + 6H20 + 6CO2 ==> 6O2 + C6H12O6 • All energy on earth starts out as light energy – Only organisms with chlorophyll can convert this energy into a usable form (chemical) – All organisms can use chemical energy • Process that green plants, algae, & some bacteria use to convert light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy (glucose) – Plants appear green because they REFLECT green light – Red and blue pigments absorb light to perform protosynthesis • Occurs in the chloroplasts of the cells GLUCOSE PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Two major steps • Light reaction- light is absorbed and converted to ATP & NADPH – Occurs in the thylakoid of the chloroplast (green pancakes) – Light is absorbed and used to split water to make ATP & NADPH • Light energy into chemical energy – Oxygen is given off as a byproduct – ATP & NADPH go to the Calvin Cycle (carbon fixation) PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Calvin Cycle (AKA carbon fixation or dark reaction) – Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast – Carbon dioxide is brought in – ATP & NADPH is used for energy to put together carbons from carbon dioxide GLUCOSE