Download MATTER INTO ENERGY ENERGY INTO MATTER - TJ

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
AND HOMEOSTASIS
Cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems maintain relatively
stable internal environments,
even in the face of changing
external environments.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Biology functions on many different levels;
atoms, cells, organs. Each level, from
smallest to largest, depends on one another
to constitute this condition we call LIFE.
• You are alive because every level of your
organization is working together and
operating properly within the boundaries we
call…
•HOMEOSTASIS
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Food
Building Block
T
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Atom- The basic building blocks of all matter.
The simplest particle of an element that retains
all of the properties of that element.
• Molecule- A chemical structure composed of two
or more atoms or elements. The atoms can be of
the same or different elements. If it from two or
more different elements, it is called a compound.
• Macromolecules- Big molecules, especially
carbohydrate, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
in biology.
– Macromolecules also make up the food we eat.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Organelles- ‘Little Organs’- subunits or
structures that carry out specialized
functions within a biological cell.
• Cells- The basic functional unit of life. The
smallest unit of life that can be classified as
living. The building blocks of life.
• Tissue- A group of the same type of cell
working together to perform a specialized
function.
– Muscle Tissue or Nervous Tissue
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Organ- Two or more types of tissue working
together to perform a specialized function.
– Stomach• Muscle tissue moves lining
• Epithelial tissue secrete enzymes
• Organ System- A group of organs working
together to perform a specialized function.
– Muscular system or Nervous system.
• Organism- A self-contained living system
displaying all of the characteristics of life
and having all of the requirements for life.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Food
Building Block
T
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TISSUES
TISSUES
UNIT 3- ENERGY,
MATTER, AND
ORGANIZATION:
RELATIONSHIPS IN
LIVING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 8THE CELLULAR
BASIS OF
ACTIVITY
UNIT 3- ENERGY,
MATTER, AND
ORGANIZATION:
RELATIONSHIPS IN
LIVING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 8THE CELLULAR
BASIS OF
ACTIVITY
• Matter- Anything that occupies space and has mass.
• Energy- The ability of a system or matter to do work.
Determined by the breaking and forming of chemical
bonds.
• Atom- The basic building blocks of all matter. The
simplest particle of an element that retains all of the
properties of that element.
• Element- A substance consisting of the same type of
atom and that can’t be broken down to form any
simpler kinds of matter.
• Molecule- A chemical structure composed of one or
more atoms or elements.
• Chemical Bonds- Forces that hold atoms or elements
together in a predictable way. Forces that store energy
in molecules.
• Exothermic Reaction- Chemical reactions that
release heat due the rearranging of molecules.
• Endothermic Reaction- Chemical reactions that
absorb heat due to the rearranging of molecules.
• Potential Energy- Energy that is stored in the
structure of matter and is available for use.
• Kinetic Energy- Energy that is active and due to the
motion of matter.
• Conservation of Energy- The total amount of energy
at the beginning of a process or reaction is the same as
the total amount of energy at the end. When energy is
converted or transferred is a reaction or system, it is
not created or destroyed, just changed.
• Synthesis- A chemical reaction where two or more
smaller molecules are joined together to form a larger
molecule.
• Decomposition- A chemical reaction where a larger
molecule is broken down into two or more smaller
molecules.
• Food- Material (matter), usually of
plant or animal origin, that contains or
consists of essential body nutrients, such
as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,
or minerals, and is ingested and
assimilated by an organism to produce
energy, stimulate growth, & maintain life
FOOD (ORGANIC)
MACROMOLECULES
• Carbohydrates (bread, pasta, fruit, dairy,
candy)- provide much of the energy that
cells need.
– The building blocks of carbohydrates are
glucose molecules. Their chemical structure is
in a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O.
– They are also called saccharides
• Mono- 1- glucose, fructose
• Di- 2- sucrose
• Poly- many- starch
– Carbs must be broken down to their simplest
form (glucose) in order for cells to use them.
FOOD (ORGANIC)
MACROMOLECULES
• Lipids (fat, oils)- organic substances that
are insoluble in water, but break down in
organic solvents.
• The building blocks of lipids are fatty acids
and glycerol.
– Lipids are what carbs turn into when you don’t
use them
– They are much harder to break down and
metabolize
FOOD (ORGANIC)
MACROMOLECULES
• Proteins (meats, nuts, dairy)- serve as
structural material and quick energy
sources.
– The building blocks of proteins are amino
acids
– Proteins serve as enzymes, molecules that
help speed up metabolic reactions
– Proteins are the building blocks of the body,
but don’t provide much lasting energy as food
UNIT 3- ENERGY, MATTER, AND ORGANIZATION:
RELATIONSHIPS IN LIVING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 8- THE CELLULAR BASIS OF ACTIVITY
• KEEP ON RUNNING! (P. 294)
1. Energy is required for all cellular biochemical
reactions in a body. Energy causes molecules in the
cells to be rearranged. This is a matter-energy
relationship for biology.
• Adenosine TriPhosphate- The molecule that is
commonly used as a direct source of energy by organisms.
A molecule that is broken down from large, long term
storage molecules, like glycogen, into a smaller form that
can be used as a direct source of energy.
• Enzymes- Large molecules, usually proteins, that act as
catalysts and regulate chemical reactions in cells. They
reduce the amount of energy needed to start the reaction
and each one targets a specific reaction.
– calorie- The unit of measurement used to designate the
amount of energy contained in food or the amount of
energy an organism uses to operate.
– The amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram
(milliliter) of water 1 Celsius.
– When looking at food, calories are given in
kilocalories (1,000 calories), written with a capital
Calories.
– If a food says it has 200 Calories per serving, that
means it really has 200 kilocalories or 200,000
calories.
• To calculate the number of kilocalories (energy) per
given amount of food (matter), you must do the
following calculations.
1. Start with a given amount of food- in grams.
2. Calculate the amount of degrees Celsius it raises 100 mls of
water.
3. Multiply the temperature change by 100 to get calories.
4. (temp change) x (100 mls H20)= calories
5. Divide the number of calories by 1,000 to get kilocalories.
1. (calories) / (1,000)= kilocalories
6. Determine the mass of the food burned.
1. (initial mass) – (final mass)= burned mass
7. Divide the amount of kilocalories by the burned mass.
8. (kilocalories) / (burned mass)= kilocalories per gram of energy
in the food.
9. Amount of energy per amount of matter
MATTER INTO ENERGY
ENERGY INTO MATTER
CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
GETTING ENERGY OUT OF
MATTER- CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Matter- Food we eat
– Especially Carbs & Fat
• Cellular Respiration
– Glycolysis
– Krebs Cycle
– Electron Transport System
• Energy- ATP
WHERE DOES CELLULAR RESPIRATION OCCUR?
OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
GLYCOLYSIS- SPLITTING OF GLUCOSE
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Occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of cells
Does NOT require oxygen
Requires 2 ATP to split glucose
Produces 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP overall)
Produces 2 NADH (that go to ETS)
Produces 2 Pyruvic Acids (Pyruvate)
– Pyruvate converted to Acetyl CoA & go to Krebs Cycle
– Conversion of Pyruvate produces 2 CO2
PRODUCT OVERVIEW OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
2 CO2
6 H2O
4 CO2
6 O2
KREBS CYCLE- AKA
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
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After Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA
Occurs in the mitochondria
Completes the breakdown of Glucose
Provides hydrogen atoms for the ETS
REQUIRES OXYGEN
One Cycle for EACH pyruvate/acetyl CoA
– SO TWICE FOR EACH GLUCOSE
• TOTAL YIELD- two cycles
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–
–
–
4 CO2
2 ATP Directly
6 NADH- 18 ATP in ETS
2 FADH2- 4 ATP in ETS
KREBS CYCLE
TWO TIMES FOR
EACH GLUCOSE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
• PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION STEP
• Converts e- from NADH & FADH2 to
manufacture ATP
• Occurs in the mitochondria
• REQUIRES OXYGEN
• TOTAL YIELD- for each glucose
– 2 NADH FROM GLYCOLYSIS
– 2 NADH FROM PYRUVATE/ACETYL COA
– 6 NADH FROM KREBS CYCLE
– 2 FADH2 FROM KREBS CYCLE
• TOTAL
6 ATP
6 ATP
18 ATP
4 ATP
34 ATP
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
light + 6H20 + 6CO2 ==> 6O2 + C6H12O6
• All energy on earth starts out as light energy
– Only organisms with chlorophyll can convert this
energy into a usable form (chemical)
– All organisms can use chemical energy
• Process that green plants, algae, & some
bacteria use to convert light energy (sunlight) into
chemical energy (glucose)
– Plants appear green because they REFLECT green
light
– Red and blue pigments absorb light to perform
protosynthesis
• Occurs in the chloroplasts of the cells
GLUCOSE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Two major steps
• Light reaction- light is
absorbed and converted to
ATP & NADPH
– Occurs in the thylakoid of the
chloroplast (green pancakes)
– Light is absorbed and used to
split water to make ATP &
NADPH
• Light energy into chemical energy
– Oxygen is given off as a
byproduct
– ATP & NADPH go to the Calvin
Cycle (carbon fixation)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Calvin Cycle (AKA carbon
fixation or dark reaction)
– Occurs in the stroma of the
chloroplast
– Carbon dioxide is brought in
– ATP & NADPH is used for
energy to put together
carbons from carbon dioxide
GLUCOSE