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What molecules make up living things? ORGANIC COMPOUNDS What is an organic molecule? • Must contain the element _______ • Found in living organisms • Some organic molecules contain _________ and _________ • Some contain nitrogen (only_______) What is an inorganic molecule? • Any molecule that is not organic is _________ • Does not contain ________ – Exception is ____ doesn’t contain H LIVING THINGS CONTAIN BOTH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MOLECULES 4 Kinds of Organic Compounds • • • • __________ __________ __________ __________ THESE MOLECULES CAN ALSO BE CALLED ___________________ _____= BIG , MOLECULES= DIFFERENT How do carbohydrates look? • ____ shaped • Contains C,H,O Carbohydrate Scientific Name • Monosaccharide is the monomer (building block) name Mono=one monosaccharide(single carb) glucose • Monosaccharides can join together to form… Di= two disaccharide (double sugar) glucose+ glucose= maltose glucose +fructose= sucrose glucose+ galactose= lactose Poly more than two (polysaccharide) Examples of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides – Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose • Dissacharides – sucrose, lactose, maltose • Polysaccharides – Starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen Disaccharides Polysaccharides Carbohydrates- Biological Function and Features • Main source of usable ______ for organisms • Used in the presence of oxygen to generate cellular energy (ATP)= cellular respiration • Carbohydrates make up part of our cell membrane (hydrophobic) • Sweet in flavor – ______ is an important complex carbohydrate made from glucose – _________ is a carbohydrate that make up plant cell walls raw veggies are crunchy because you are eating the cell wall – We store carbohydrates in the liver in a form called GLYCOGEN Carbohydrate Chain on Outside of cell membrane How do living things obtain these carbohydrates? • Food that they eat – Grains and plants How are these molecules made and biochemically stored in organisms? Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation) How does condensation occur? • One molecule of water is lost for every monosaccharide molecules that come together. • Two molecules are then covalently bonded. • Can continue to form long chains called polymers How do organisms break large carbohydrates for usage? • Hydrolysis • Using water to split di- and polysaccharides in order to form monosaccharides (glucose) • The monosaccharides can then be used by cell to generate cell energy (ATP) Hydrolysis Animation • http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat /dehydrat.html Lipids • Also known as ____ or ____ – Fat: solid at room temperature – Oil: liquid at room temp Monomer building blocks of two parts: Glycerol and 3 fatty acids Forming a lipid molecule 3 fatty acids molecules 1 glycerol Process used to form a lipid molecule • ___________ (Dehydration Synthesis) • 3 Water molecules are drawn out to form one lipid molecule • Forms a triglyceride molecule Lipid formation animation • http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animat ions.cfm?id=10&debug=0 One Lipid molecule SHAPED LIKE A LETTER E Biological Function • Lipids chiefly function in ______ storage, protection, and ________ in living things • A main component of cell membranes – Fats: found in animals – Oils: found in animals and plants. Waxes: found in plants solid at room temp. – ________: contain fat compounds ( biological hormones, cholesterol) Ways to Recognize a Lipid • 3 Fatty acid chains • Shaped like a letter E • Large and long molecule Types of lipids (fats) • Unsaturated lipid (fats): – the fatty acid component contains C bonded to C using a double bond or a triple bond Types of lipids (fats) • Polyunsaturated Lipids These lipids have more than one double or triple bond in their fatty acid tails • Saturated lipids (fats): all carbon in the fatty acid chains are single bonded What is a protein? • _______ are organic molecules that play an important role in • • • • _____ and _____ of cells Can be used for _____ Helps to keep a stable body temperature(_________) Growth and repair and support of muscle tissue, hair, skin, nails (ex. Keratin and collagen) • Carry out genetic _______ from the nucleus (in ___) • Helps to speed up biochemical reactions (_______) • Fighting off infections (antibodies) Composition of Proteins • Monomer: _______ _____ • 3 Parts to an amino acid: Amino _____, __ side chain, _______ acid group How do amino acids come together? • ____________ ________ (condensation) • Results in a _________ BOND How do amino acids come together How do amino acids form proteins? Condensation/ Dehydration Synthesis • Forms a _______ ______ when amino acids combine • 2 a.a. coming together= __PEPTIDE • 3 or more a.a. coming together = ____PEPTIDE • 50-3000 a.a. linked together considered a PROTEIN Animation- Protein • http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat /dehydrat.html How can proteins change? • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/a nimations/content/proteinstructure.html What are nucleic acids? • Compounds that contain ________ and _________ in addition to other organic elements C,O,H • Found in ___________ material in the form of ____ or ____ DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Contains the genetic hereditary code that makes each of us different. Our genetic “blueprint” What is RNA? • RNA= _________ _____ • RNA is _______ stranded • Controls genetic messages of the cell to form ________ for the cell.(takes place in ________) Monomer for Nucleic Acids • Arranged as repeating NUCLEOTIDES RNA Picture