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Transcript
Organic and Inorganic Molecules Inorganic Molecules Organic Molecules: - Carbohydrates - Proteins - Lipids - Nucleic Acids Inorganic Molecules Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon. General categories/examples of inorganic molecules include: - water - minerals, salts - acids and bases - oxygen MINUTE QUIZ Organic molecules are ones which contain _____________. Organic Molecules Organic molecules are those that contain carbon. Carbon has interesting chemical properties: - it can exchange 4 electrons at a time (binds four other atoms) - carbons can bind to each other to form long chains Functional groups binding to carbon include: - hydroxyl group (-OH) - carboxyl group (-COOH) - amino group (-NH2) -C- Categories of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen General chemical formula = (CH2O)n Used for energy production and storage Carbohydrates are polar, so they’re soluble in water They exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are simple sugars They can be: - trioses (contain 3 carbons) - tetroses (4 carbons) - pentoses (5 carbons; ribose, deoxyribose) - hexoses (6 carbons) The hexoses are most common (glucose, fructose, galactose) Structures of Common Hexoses The chemical composition of glucose, fructose, and galactose is identical. What differs is location of the hydrogen, hydroxyl, and oxygen groups. CH2OH OH HO CH2OH HO O O OH HO OH OH glucose CH2OH HO CH2OH OH fructose O OH OH galactose Dissaccharides Dissaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides bonded together. For example: glucose + fructose ----> sucrose + H2O lactose = glucose + galactose maltose = glucose + glucose CH2OH CH2OH OH O HO OH OH CH2OH CH2OH OH O O HO O + HO HO OH CH2OH HO OH O OH + H2O CH2OH Polysaccharides Many simple sugars joined together to form long chains Chains may be straight or branched The most common form is glycogen, the storage form of glucose (also called “animal starch”). In our diet, we take in starch and cellulose. Starch is broken down into glucose, but cellulose is not digested. Proteins Proteins are large molecules with complex formulas (include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur) Proteins are made up of amino acids (the basic building block of proteins). - 20 common amino acids used in the body - consist of a carbon attached to a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group. - the R group differs between amino acids (and thus determines their unique qualities). General Structure of an Amino Acid R H2N - C - C - OH H O Properties of Amino Acid Groups Acidic amino acids: R group contains a carboxyl (-COOH) group (example: aspartic acid, glutamic acid) Basic amino acids: R group contains an amino group or nitrogen-containing group (example: lysine, histidine) Polar amino acids: R group contains lots of hydroxyl groups (-OH; very soluble in water) Nonpolar amino acids: R group has lots of carbon and hydrogen (less soluble in water) The R group can also contain sulfur (methionine, cysteine) Building Proteins from Amino Acids The structure of the protein depends on the amino acid content and the order of the amino acids. Amino acids attach to each other by joining the carboxyl group of one with the amino group of the next. The attachment results in formation of water. Recognize a peptide bond when you see one! H R1 H R2 H R1 H R1 N - C - C - OH + N - C - C -OH N - C - C - N - C - C - OH H H H H O H H O O H O Structure of Peptides The properties of a protein depend upon the amino acid composition, and the resulting three dimensional structure. The structure of peptides can be defined at various levels: - primary structure: the amino acid sequence - secondary structure: the coiling of proteins into pleated sheets or alpha helices - tertiary structure: how the pleated sheets or alpha helices fold upon themselves - quaternary structure: if the protein is composed of two or more subunits Levels of Structure Tertiary Primary Secondary Quaternary Natural Conformation of Proteins The natural conformation of a protein is how it exists in 3D space, resulting from secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. The natural conformation can be strenghened by bonds between sulfide groups, if the R group contains sulfur. The natural conformation is destroyed (“denatured”) if a protein is exposed to excessive heat or acidic conditions. Types of Proteins in the Body structural proteins: collagen, elastin, keratin, etc. contractile proteins: actin, myosin hormones (luteinizing hormone, etc: see next quarter) enzymes (catalyze reactions in the body; makes them easier to happen) Characteristics of enzymes - Very specific for the reaction helped - Enzyme is not consumed during the reaction - Name usually ends in “-ase” - oxidase: adds oxygen - hydrolase: adds water - dehydrogenase: removes hydrogen - aminase: removes amino group - decarboxylase: removes carbon - isomerase: moves position of group on a molecule - protease: breaks down protein - lipase: breaks down fat The types of enzymes in a cell determines the cell’s function! Lipids Lipids are large chains or rings of carbon with some oxygen (less than that in carbohydrates). Lipids may also contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Lipids contribute to structure of cells, and are important in energy storage. We will consider fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Fatty acids Composed of long chains of carbon with hydrogen atoms attached, and a carboxyl group group at the end. If all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds, the fatty acid is referred to as being saturated. If there are double bonds between carbons, its an unsaturated fatty acid. - If there is one double bond, its a monounsaturated fatty acid. - If there is more than one double bond, its a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Triglycerides Fatty acids are usually attached to glycerol, with a -COOH group at the end. glycerol + 3 fatty acids = triacylglycerol Triglycerides can be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Triglycerides represent 95% of stored fat. They are important in - energy storage - insulation (prevent heat loss) - protection (surrounding delicate organs) Phospholipids Phospholipids are formed by joining glycerol with 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a nonlipid group. The fatty acids are hydrophobic, while the phosphate end is polar and hydrophilic. Phospholipids form a major part of the plasma membrane. Steroids Steroids have a characteristic ring structure. Cholesterol is the most common form - a component of the cell membrane - serves as precursor for other forms general structure cholesterol Nucleic Acids Contain the genetic information for protein structure Two types: DNA and RNA The basic building block is the nucleotide phosphate group + sugar + organic base In RNA the sugar is ribose, in DNA its deoxyribose PO4 + ribose + organic base = RNA Organic bases used Bases are characterized as purines or pyrimidines The purines are: adenine (used in both DNA and RNA), and guanine (DNA and RNA) The pyrimidines are: cytosine (DNA and RNA) thymine (DNA only) and uracil (RNA only) (Don’t memorize the structure of these.....) Building DNA and RNA To build DNA and RNA, nucleotides are joined by hydrogen bonds between sugar and phosphate groups (see text) DNA is double-stranded, and coils up in a double helix Purines bind to pyrimidines, and vice versa RNA is single-stranded The sequence of nucleotides determines the protein produced Examples DNA: ATCATTGCGCAA TAGTAACGCGTT RNA: AUCAUUGCGCAA Next Lecture..... Metabolic Pathways