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Acid/Bases Review
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Section 2.3 Carbon Compounds
The branch of science that studies
compounds that contain carbon atoms
is known a organic chemistry
(Inorganic chemistry is the study of all of
the other types of compounds)
FYI- Biochemistry is the study of the
molecules within living things!
The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon is unique because it has 4
valence electrons which means it has 4
electrons that want to share 4 electrons
from other atoms
Which type of bonds would these atoms
form?
• COVALENT BONDS – Share electrons!
Carbon’s Bonds
Carbon can bond with many elements
To form the molecules of life, carbon can
bond with
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Phosphorus
 Sulfur
 Nitrogen
Carbon can also bond to other carbons
• Can form chains, rings
• Single, double, and triple bonds
Macromolecules
Macromolecules “giant molecules” are
large organic compounds made from
thousands of smaller molecules
They are formed by the process of
polymerization
• Monomers (smaller units) that join together to
form polymers
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are classified into 4 main
groups:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Composed of
Carbon
Hydrogen &
Oxygen atoms ( in a1:2:1 ratio)
Carbohydrates
Function
Used by living things as their main source of energy
• When the bonds are broken between the sugar molecules,
energy is released & used for cell activities
• Extra sugars are stored as starches (long chains of sugars)
 Potatoes, carrots, corn
Some organisms use carbohydrates for structural
purposes (i.e. plants, invertebrates)
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
Single sugar molecules (monosaccharides)
• Glucose
• Galactose (milk)
• Fructose (fruit)
2 simple sugars (disaccharides)
• Sucrose (table sugar)
 Made from glucose and fructose
Carbohydrates
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides – formed by many
monosaccharides
• Many animals store their extra sugar as glycogen
• Stored in your muscles to supply them with
energy to function
2 simple sugars (disaccharides)
• Sucrose (table sugar)
 Made from glucose and fructose
Carbohydrates
Plants and Polysaccharides
Plants store their extra sugar as starches
They also make cellulose
• These fibers are tough and flexible
 They give plants their strength and rigidity
Lipids
Large molecules that are generally not
soluble in water
Composed of
Mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms
Fats, oils, waxes
Lipids
Functions
Used to store energy in the body
Parts of biological membranes
Waterproof coverings
Steroids (hormones)
Lipids
Made from a glycerol molecule combined
with fatty acids
The fatty acids are chains of carbon joined to
each other
• If all the carbons are joined together with a single
bond – they are called “saturated”
 They are saturated because they have the highest amount
of hydrogen atoms bonded to their carbons
 Saturated fats are unhealthy because their straight
chains make it easier for them to layer up in arteries to
form plaque
 They tend to be solids at room temperature
Lipids
Made from a glycerol molecule combined
with fatty acids
The fatty acids are chains of carbon joined to
each other
• If at least 2 carbons are joined together with a
double bond – they are called “unsaturated”
 They are unsaturated because they do not have the most
hydrogen atoms bonded to their carbons
 Unsaturated fats are healthier fats because their
“kinked” chains make it difficult for them to layer up
in arteries to form plaque
 They tend to be liquids at room temperature
http://intranet.canacad.ac.jp:3445/BiologyIBHL1/1031
Nucleic Acids
Consist of
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus
Contain a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and
nitrogenous base
Nucleic acids are polymers made from
nucleotides (monomers) that are joined by
covalent bonds
Nucleic Acids
Function
Store and transmit hereditary (genetic)
information of your cells
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid: sugar- deoxyribose)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid: sugar- ribose)
Proteins
Consist of
Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Polymer made of amino acids (monomers)
• Amino acids- contain an amino group (-NH2) and
carboxyl group (-COOH)
Amino acids are linked together by peptide
bonds (covalent bonds)
• Polypeptide- more than 2 amino acids bonded
together
Proteins
Functions
Control the rate of reactions
Regulate cell processes
Form cellular structures
Transport substance in or out of cells
Fight disease
Proteins
More than 20 amino acids are found in
nature
All amino acids can join to other amino
acids by bonding their amino group to their
carboxyl group
The “R” groups differ
between amino acids
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/ProteinStructure.html
Protein Organization
Instructions for how amino acids are
assembled are “coded” in each cell’s DNA
Proteins have 4 levels of structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Proteins Structure
Primary
The sequence of a
protein’s amino
acids
http://biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/labManual/chapter_2.htm
Proteins Structure
Secondary
The folding or
coiling of a
polypeptide chain
• Alpha helix (curly)
• Beta-pleated sheets
(crimpy)
http://biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/labManual/chapter_2.htm
Proteins Structure
Tertiary
The 3D arrangement
of the polypeptide
chain
http://biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/labManual/chapter_2.htm
Proteins Structure
Quaternary
Proteins with more
than one chain
Describes how the
chains are arranged
relative to each other
http://biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/labManual/chapter_2.htm
Protein Structure
The shape of a protein is the result of…
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
van der Waals forces &
Hydrogen bonds
…between the amino acids that make up the
polypeptide chains
**The specific structure of hemoglobin allows it
to carry oxygen within red blood cells