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Biology Unit 2 Study Guide Answers 1 • Ionic = electrons from one molecule are given away to another molecule. • Covalent = electrons are shared between the molecules. – Polar covalent = shared unequally – Non-polar covalent = shared equally 2 3 4 • Cohesion = water bonding with itself. • Adhesion = water bonding with other substances. 5 6 • Without it, trees and other plants would not be able to move water from deep in the ground to their leaves. • So what? – No water = no photosynthesis = dead plants 7 • It keeps them from having large differences in the high and low daily temperatures. 8 • It turns from a liquid to a gas (vaporizes) at a high temperature. • It takes a lot of energy to get the water molecules to change phases from liquid to gas. 9 • Oceans and other bodies of water have not evaporated. • Evaporative cooling allows organisms to cool off when hot. 10 11 • Ice floating insulates the remaining water beneath, allowing organisms to survive the winter. • If ice sank, a large portion of our bodies of water would have frozen over, killing most life within them. 12 • Surface Tension 13 • Monomers link together to make polymers. 14 • • • • Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 15 • Provide energy (mono, di, and poly) • Store energy for a short time (poly) • Form structures (poly) 16 • Mono-, Di-, and Poly- are the prefxes denoting how many sugar monomers are present. • The number of sugars can give an indication of the amount of energy stored within the molecule. 17 • monosaccharide 18 • Monosaccharide = glucose & fructose • Disaccharides = sucrose and lactose • Polysaccharides = starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin 19 • Cellulose and chitin are both structural polysaccharides. • Chitin forms cell walls in fungi and exoskeletons in some animals. • Cellulose forms cell walls in plants. 20 • Both starch and glycogen store sugar. • Starch is the sugar storage form in plants. • Glycogen is the sugar storage form in animals. 21 • Starches are found in plants – Potatoes – Beans – Plantains – Corn – Actually, all green vegetables are capable of making starch. 22 • Glycogen is found in the muscles and livers of mammals. 23 • • • • Waterproofing membranes Chemical messengers Form cell membranes Store Energy 24 • Fats, oils, waxes, steroids 25 • Saturated fats: – – – – Animal fats Full of hydrogens Solids at room temp Relatively unhealthy • Unsaturated fats: – – – – Plant oils Have fewer hydrogens Are liquids at room temperature Healthy 26 • The monomer of a protein = amino acid. • The polymer of a protein = polypeptide 27 • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. • They link together (via peptide bonds) to form large structures called proteins (AKA: polypeptides). • This small part linking together to form a large structure is analogous to links coming together to form a chain. 28 • Build muscle and bone • Serve as enzymes • Fight infections (are called antibodies when doing this) • Serve as doorways into the cell. • Serve as regulators of cell activities. 29 • • • • • C H O N P 30 • DNA • RNA 31 • Nucleotides 32 • 5 carbon sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogen base 33 • DNA has deoxyribose sugar in it. • RNA has ribose sugar in it. 34 • Enzymes 35 • Anything that speeds up a chemical reaction 36 • They lower the activation energy for the reaction. – They do not provide energy to the reaction…they just make the amount of energy needed to start the reaction be less. 37 • The amount of energy needed to start a reaction. 38 • Substrates are changed during enzymatic reactions. • Enzymes remain unchanged by the reaction and can be used again. 39 • Each enzyme has a special shape that directly matches its target substrate. • This is analogous to how each lock has a particular shaped key that opens it. – Wrong shaped key = no opened lock. 40