Download Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Introduction to Organic
Chemistry
•Every compound contains carbon
•Carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds and take
on many shapes (rings and chains)
•Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds
•Other common elements include: Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, and Hydrogen
Carbon Compounds




Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
• Elements: C, H, O
• 1:2:1 Ratio (C6H12O6)
• Monomer:
monosaccharide
• Source of Energy
• Examples: fructose,
lactose, starch,
sucrose, glycogen,
cellulose
Classes of Sugars



Monosaccharide – simple sugar
 Glucose and fructose
Disaccharide – 2 sugar carbohydrate
 Sucrose
 Lactose
Polysaccharides – many monosaccharides
 Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Lipids
• Elements: C, H, O
• Long chains of carbon
• Fats are a source of energy
– Saturated – “bad fats” - solid
– Unsaturated – has double bonds,
easier to digest – liquid
– Hydrogenated oils – “really bad”
• Nonpolar – cannot dissolve in
water
• Examples: fats, phospholipids,
steroids, waxes
Proteins
• Elements: C, H, O, N
• Monomer: amino acid
• Examples: enzymes,
hemoglobin, collagen,
antibodies
Nucleic Acids
• Elements: C, O, H, P
• Three parts:
– Sugar
– Nitrogenous base
– Phosphate group
• DNA
– Double stranded
– Deoxyribose (sugar)
• RNA
– Single stranded
– Ribose (sugar)
DNA
ATP
• Adenosine
triphosphate
• Short-term energy
storage
• Energy is stored in the
bonds between the
phosphates. It is
released when the
bonds are broken
Functional
Groups







Alcohol
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic
Acid
Amine
Ether
Ester



Alkane – carbon is bonded only with single
bonds to other carbons
Alkene – carbon is double bonded to other
carbons
Alkyne – carbon has a triple bond with
another carbon