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Transcript
Metabolism Large molecules Catabolism Anabolism Energy (ATP) Small molecules (precursors) Biosynthesis of Macromolecules Anabolism - use energy (ATP) from catabolism - use carbon from sugars, lipids, proteins, or any other carbon source (xenobiotics) to build cellular components Key Intermediates • Located in the glycolytic pathway – Ex. Glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, etc. • Located in the TCA cycle – Ex. Oxaloacetic acid, ketoglutaric acid Central Metabolic pathway • Catabolism and anabolism are interconnected due to amphibolic pathways Lipid Biosynthesis • Fatty acid biosynthesis- Acetyl-CoA-->fatty acid (cell structure) • Poly-ß-hydroxybutyric acid- Acetyl-CoA---> Poly. (storage) • Phospholipid- Glycolytic intermediate---> lipid ( membrane) • Sterols- eukaryotic cell membrane Amino Acid Biosynthesis • Amination – addition of an amine group (N containing) to a critical intermediate • Transamination - new amino acids are made from the amine group from old amino acids Nucleotide Biosynthesis • N molecule (amino acid), five carbon sugar, phosphate combine =>nucleotides (DNA, RNA) • Five carbon sugar – Pryrimidines- cytosine, thymine – Purines- adenine, guanine Polysaccharide Biosynthesis • Peptidoglycan- Glycolytic intermediates, nucleotides --->PEG • Lipopolysaccharide- Glycolytic intermediates, other sugars ---> LPS, teichoic acid, mycolic acid, glycogen, etc. Photosynthetic microbes • Carbon dioxide fixation – Inorganic CO2 is incorporated into the cellular structure (Calvin cycle) Metabolic diversity • Different sources of carbon and energy exist for various microbes, plants, and animals. Metabolic diversity Four main groups of microbes 1.) chemoheterotrophs 2.) chemoautotrophs 3.) photoautotrophs 4.) photoheterophs Chemoheterotrophs • Many medically important microbes are in this category (E. coli, B. anthrasis, etc.) • Carbon source = organic molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, xenobiotics) • Energy source=organic molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, xenobiotics) Chemoautotroph • Many soil microbes • Source of carbon = inorganic molecule (ex. CO2) • Source of energy = electrons from inorganic compounds (ex. S, H2S, NO2) Photoautotroph • Photosynthesis (green sulfur bacteria, etc.) • Source of carbon = CO2 • Source of energy = light Photoheterotroph • photosynthesis (green nonsulfur bacteria, etc.) • Source of carbon = organic molecule ( ex. Fatty acids, alcohol, etc.) • Source of energy = light Summary of Anabolism • Use ATP (energy) from catabolism for biosynthesis • Build small molecules into larger molecules or cell structures (ex. Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids=>lipid, PG) • Diversity of metabolic systems (chemoheterotrophs, etc.) • Cell division (binary fission)=anabolism • Catabolism and anabolism are integrated • (amphibolic pathways)