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Strand 1:
The Chemistry of Living
Things
•Is the basic
unit of
matter
• Is made up of
the Proton,
Neutron, and
Electron
An Atom
consists of
Electron
Cloud
Neutral
• Are pure substances that consist
entirely of one type of atom
• More than 100 elements are known
• Represented by a letter symbol
• Substances formed by the
chemical combination of two
or more elements.
• What is NaCl?
• How about H20?
pH scale measures the
concentration of H+ ions in
a solution
• At a pH of 7, the
•Ranges from 0-14
concentrations of H+ and
OH- ions are equal
•Solutions below 7 are
acidic because they have
more H+ ions than pure
water
• Solutions above 7 are called
basic, because they have less
H+ ions than pure water
What’s so great about Carbon?
• It has 4 valence electrons…so it
bonds with many other elements!
• It can also bond with itself, forming
long chains and rings
•Hydrogen
•Carbon
•Nitrogen
•Oxygen
•Phosphorus
•Sulfur
• Monomers
bond together
to make a
polymer
• Like a chain
of molecules
•Carbohydrates
•Lipids
•Nucleic acids
•Proteins
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are made up
of C, H, and O, with a ratio of
1:2:1.
Carb Function?
• Main source of energy for
all cellular activity
• Provides structure for
plants and animals
• Humans store extra sugar
as glycogen
• Single sugar molecule
• Smallest is glucose
• Examples include:
–Glucose
–Galactose
–Fructose
LIPIDS
•Not soluble in H2O
(hydrophobic)
•Mostly carbon and
hydrogen
•Include fats, oils,
steroids, and waxes
Lipid Function?
• Form when a glycerol
molecule combines with 3
fatty acids
• Saturated (no carboncarbon double bonds) fat
is bad for you!
Nucleic Acids
• Contain hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorous
• Are polymers assembled from
nucleotides.
• Store and transmit genetic
information
• Include RNA & DNA
•5-carbon sugar
•phosphate group
•nitrogenous base
Proteins
•contain hydrogen, nitrogen,
carbon, and oxygen
•are Chains of amino acids
•Proteins have Many
different functions!
Protein function?
• Control the rate of reactions
and regulate cell processes
• Form bone and muscle
• Transport substances into
or out of cells
• Help to fight disease
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
Alcohol
3 Fatty Acids
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Chemical Reactions & Enzymes
• Chemical reactions change one
set of chemicals into another
• Reactants
Products
• Chem rxns always involve
bond changes!
Paper will only burn
if lit with a match!
•Are proteins that act
as biological catalysts
•Speed up chemical reactions
•Lower activation energy
•Are very specific, only work
with certain substrates
• Regulate chemical
pathways
• Make materials for cells
• Release energy
• Transfer information
• Enzymes provide a site
where reactants can be
brought together to react
• This reduces the energy
ACTIV
needed for the reaction
E SITE
• The reactants of enzymecatalyzed reactions are
known as substrates
Do enzymes require certain
conditions?
At what
temp. do
you think
enzymes in
the human
body work
best????