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Biochemistry • Study of chemicals and how they react in living organisms • Inorganic Compounds (in=not) organic molecules do not contain carbon • Water is the most abundant and important inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all cells and 2/3 of body weight • Most other substances in organisms are dissolved in water (universal solvent) Organic Compounds • Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and sometimes nitrogen (CHON) • Carbon is found in things that are or once were living. • Carbon atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Organic Compounds • Organic compounds can be hundreds to thousands of molecules in length – The single molecules are called monomers.(mono=one) – Ex: amino acid, nucleotide, glucose Organic Compounds • The long molecules formed by connecting monomers are called polymers. (poly=many) • Example: starch, protein, oils Chemical Reactions • Dehydration Synthesis: (building up) – Creates one polymer from many monomers – One molecule of water is formed every time two monomers are connected • Hydrolysis: (breaking down) – Creates many monomers from one polymer – One molecule of water is needed every time two monomers are detached Macromolecules • 4 Types of Organic Compounds: a.carbohydrates, lipids, proteins (found in food) b. nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Carbohydrates-sugars and starches Contain atoms of • carbon • hydrogen • oxygen The ratio of the atoms is 1C:2H:1O Function of Carbohydrates: Energy (to fuel cell processes) • Immediate Use – Monomers (simple sugars)found in plants like sugar cane and fruits • Future Use (stored) – Polymers (starches) found in grains and vegetables Structures (parts of cells) Polymers (starches) found in the cell walls of plants Types of Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are classified according to size. • One sugar is a monosaccharide (mono=1) • Two sugars make a disaccharide (di=2) • Lots of sugar molecules linked together form a polysaccharide (poly=many) Monosaccharide (monomers) Milk Sugar Fruit Sugar Types of Carbs Disaccharide Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion. Other examples: sucrose, lactose Types of Carbs Polysaccharide (polymer) Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches. Ex. glycogen (animal starch), cellulose Types of Carbs Lipids Three types • Fats • Oils • Waxes Form chains or rings Typically contain two monomers – glycerol and fatty acids Contain • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen (not 1:2:1) • The H:O is higher than in carbohydrates Monomers in Lipids Lipids Functions of Lipids • Energy Storage for later use by the body. • Padding and Protection (especially around body organs) Proteins Contain • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen Made up of chains of amino acids Formation of Proteins Function of Proteins • • Structural components of cells Help carry out chemical reactions (enzymes) • Pump small molecules in/out of cells • Help cells to move Polymerization of Proteins • peptide bond: covalent bond that joins amino acids • another example of dehydration synthesis • dipeptide: two amino acids joined together • tripeptide: three amino acids joined together • polypeptide: long chain of amino acids • amino acidspolypeptideprotein