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Transcript
Cellular Respiration Chapter 6 Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere Fuel molecules in food represent solar energy traced back to the sun Animals depend on plants: to convert solar energy to chemical energy In form of sugars and other organic molecules Producers and Consumers Autotrophs Producers Make own organic matter from inorganic nutrients Photosynthesis Heterotrophs Consumers Cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones Cellular respiration Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration The ingredients for photosynthesis: CO2 obtained from the air H2O obtained from the damp soil Chloroplasts rearrange the atoms of these ingredients produce sugars (glucose) and other organic molecules Oxygen gas a by-product of photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Release of energy from molecules accompanied by the use of this energy to synthesize ATP molecules Metabolic pathway Main method that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP Aerobic Requires oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide Oxidation – reduction reaction Glucose oxidized Oxygen reduced Redox Reaction (O-R) Chemical reaction that transfers electrons from one substance to another Oxidation Oxidation Loss of electrons Reduction Acceptance of electrons Reduction ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Nucleotide with the base adenine and the sugar ribose Main energy carrier in cells Formed during reactions that breakdown organic compounds to CO2 and water Requires ample oxygen Occurs within the mitochondrion Hydrolyzes phosphates to release energy form adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Cellular respiration Cellular respiration and breathing are closely related Cellular respiration requires a cell to exchange gases with its surroundings Breathing exchanges these gases between blood and outside air Where Is the Energy in Food? The process of aerobic respiration requires oxygen and carbohydrates C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy The products are carbon dioxide, water, and energy (heat or ATP) The Players…. Glucose NAD FAD Where Is the Energy in Food? Cellular respiration takes place in three stages: 1. 2. 3. Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron transport 1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm Glucose split into 2 molecules Pyruvate Does not require oxygen to generate ATP Then, enters aerobic or anaerobic reactions 2. Citric Acid Cycle “Krebs Cycle” occurs within the mitochondrion Converts pyruvic acid – acetic acid – Acetyl CoA electrons passed to an electron transport chain in order to power the production of ATP 3. Electron transport chain Uses electrons to make ATP NAD & FAD Carry electrons from the cytoplasm or the mitochondrial matrix and carry them to the mitochondria NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons to a series of membrane-associated molecules Fermentation Occurs when O2 is not available Animal cells convert pyruvate to lactate Other organisms convert pyruvate to alcohol and CO2