Download Chapter 5

“Do Now”
“W” of KWL
What do you WANT to know about organic
molecules and carbohydrates?
– 5 things (with partner)
• 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic
molecules
• 5.2 Carbohydrates provide fuel and
building material
5.1 Carbon & Organic
Molecules
• Other than water, most molecules of a cell are
carbon-based… “bio-molecules”
– Why are most carbon based?
• Carbon Skeletons!!
• Besides bonding with other carbon atoms,
carbon may also bond with atoms of other
elements
– 2 types of molecules
• organic and inorganic
So what…
• The ability of carbon to form up to 4
bonds has made it essential for life’s
functions
• “Skeleton” backbone of any organic molecule (3)
– Carbohydrates (sugars) (NRG)
– Lipids (Fats, steroids, cholesterol)
– Proteins (AA, hair, fur, muscles) (Storage)
• Enzymes (Tools)
3 Main functions of carbon in Biology
Organic Molecules
• Organic molecules molecules containing carbon
• Examples:
sugars, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
• Carbons bonding with other elements
sometimes take on different names
– carbon + hydrogen are hydrocarbons
• Important fuels, storing fat in body
– Oxygen and Nitrogen
Inorganic Molecules
• Inorganic molecules non-carbon molecules
– Examples:
• Ammonia (NH3), water (H20), baking soda (NaHCO3), carbon
dioxide (Co2)
Carbon & Functional Groups
• Functional Group
– “Functional groups have specific functions that
they consistently do”
– predictable way with other molecules
– 4 Functional groups of carbon
• Hydroxyl hydrophilic (attract water…molecules
with this group will attract water)
• Carbonyl
• Carboxyl
• Amino
The Functional Group Structures
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C- OH (Single bond)
C=OH (Double bond)
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C=O AND C-OH
H
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N
H
Monomers and Polymers
Monomers are small molecular units, multiple monomers
can be used to make polymers
• Monomers = letters
• Polymers = words
• Biomolecules = sentences
– (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
• Every living cells has thousands of different
kinds of polymers
• Varieties of polymers differ among individuals of
the same species…even more some among
different species
Can we build it? YES we Can!!
• Building and breaking polymers
– EVERYTIME a monomer is added to a chain of
polymers a water molecule is released!
• DEHYDRATION reaction
– b/c it involved removing (DE) water (HYDRATION)
– EVERYTIME a polymer is broken down water is
added to them
• HYDROLYSIS reaction
– b/c it involved added water (HYDRO) to break
(Lysis)
Quick Review
1. What is the difference between an
organic and inorganic molecule?
2. What are the 4 functional groups?
3. Monomers make polymers…what are
examples of polymer Biomolecules?
4. What kind of reaction occurs in the
formation of a polymer?
5. What kind of reaction occurs in the
break-down of a polymer?
5.2 Carbohydrates
• Sugar = organic compounds
• Sugars contain
– 1 Carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen
• Sugar = carbon skeleton w/ ring shape
– Monosaccharides
– Disaccharides
– Polysaccharides
Monosaccharide
• Simple Sugars (1 sugar unit)
• Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
– Sweet taste
• Straight chains AND rings
• Main fuel supply for cellular work
– Cells breakdown glucose & extract stored NRG
– What happens to glucose not immediately
used?
Disaccharides
• Formed using dehydration reaction
– 2 monosaccharides
• Sucrose glucose linked to fructose
• Once consumed it is broken down
• Use right away
or later on
Polysaccharides
What happens to glucose not immediately used?
• Starch plant cells; starch chains coil up like
phone chords; serves as sugar stockpile
• Glycogen animal cells; more highly branched
than starch; stored as granules' in liver and muscle
cells
• Cellulose plan cells; building material;
protection, stiffness, cannot be digested by humans
(fiber)
All 3 made of glucose monomers
Hydrophilic
• All carbohydrates are hydrophilic
– Due to hydroxyl groups
• Mono & disaccharides easily dissolve
• Cellulose doesn’t really
Absorbs water well though
5.3 Lipids
• Hydrophobic
– Water avoiding molecules
• Boundaries or chemical signals
– Boundaries = fats; saturated or unsaturated
– Chemical signals = steroids; cholesterol, estrogen,
testosterone
Fats
• 3 carbon backbone glycerol
• Attached to 3 fatty acids (hydrocarbons)
• Saturated fat & Unsaturated Fat
Saturated Fat
• All the carbon atoms in the
fatty acid chains form single
bonds with each other
– other bonds ALL contain
hydrogen
• Most animal fats, butter, lard
• Solids at room temperature
Unsaturated Fat
• Less than the maximum
number of hydrogen atoms
in one or more of its fatty
acid chains
• Some carbons have
double bonds causes
kinks in chain
• Fats in fruit, veggies, fish,
olive oil
• Liquid at room temp
Steroids
• Lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton
forms 4 fused rings
• Steroids differ in the kinds & locations of
functional groups attached
• Classified as lipids because they are hydrophobic,
differ greatly in structure
• Chemical signals (estrogen & testosterone) pg 99
• Small variation with BIG difference in function
– Cholesterol required in formation of other steroids…
too much is bad
Structure
Where its found
Examples
Function
Other
Homework
Quiz Friday on 5.1-5.3
Review Sheet Tomorrow!
READ THE SECTIONS!!
What did we talk about yesterday?
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What is the name of compounds that contain carbon?
What are the 3 types of carbohydrate “sugars?”
What are 3 examples of polysaccharides?
What RXN occurs when building a polymer/ breaking?
What organism makes cellulose?
What organism makes glycogen?
What are the 4 Functional Groups?
Quick Review
• What does hydrophobic mean?
• What is the structure of a lipid?
• What is the difference between saturated
fats and unsaturated fats?
• What is the structure of a steroid?
5.4 Proteins
• Molecular tool kit for cells
• Functions of Proteins
– Structure Polymer constructed from 20 AA
monomers
– Make up hair, fur, muscles, nutrient storage,
antibodies & many other functions (enzymes)
– Different structure causes different function
Amino Acids (AA)
• All AA have 3 things in
common
– Central carbon atom
bonded to
• Amino group
• Carboxyl group
• Hydrogen Atom
• Unique side group
– This is what
differentiates the 20 AA
from each other
Building Proteins
• Create proteins by linking AA together into
chains = polypeptide chain (multiple)
– Done using dehydration reaction b/w amino
group of one and the carboxyl of another
– AA are “letters,” only 20
– Each proteins has a unique sequence of AA
Protein Shape
• Proteins cannot function as a single chain
• Functional proteins consist of one or more
polypeptide chains precisely twisted, folded,
and coiled
• Influence shape:
– environment (water…yay or nay), temperature,
pH
• Unfavorable environment denaturation
• Loose shape = loose function
5.5 Enzymes
• Are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
– Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the level of
activation energy
• NRG needed to start a chemical a RXN
• Allow for reactions to occur at normal temperature
• PAGE 103
• Each cell is like a mini chemical factory needed to
carry out different reactions
Activation Energy
• Start-up energy needed to weaken
chemical bonds
• with catalysts (enzymes)
• Provide a way for reactions to occur at the cells normal
temperature
• Enzymes lower the amount of energy required for
a chemical reaction to occur
• Enzymes are specific “puzzle pieces”
Enzymes
• Are chemical reaction specific
– Puzzle piece fit
• Reactant is substrate
– What is being reacted on
• Enzyme hold it in place
– At active site, changes slightly
• Can also speed RXNs by accepting 2
substrates adjacently
– Breakdown larger molecules more easily
pH, temperature affect enzyme too.. they
ARE proteins
Reflection Activity
• Complete 5.5 Concept Checks
Chapter Objectives
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Identify carbon skeletons and functional groups
Relate monomers and polymers
Process of building and breaking polymers
Identify 3 polysaccharides and their functions
General characteristics of lipids
Structure and Function of sugar, fats, steroids,
proteins, AA
• Factors that influence protein shape
• How enzymes affect activation NRG
• How enzyme shape affects functions