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Treatment of Infectious Diseases Biomed Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillin fungi. Penicillin antibiotics were the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as TB, Syphilis, and staph infections. Penicillin kills bacteria by interfering with the ability to synthesize cell wall. In this sequence, Escherichia coli were incubated in penicillin for 30 minutes. The bacteria lengthen, but cannot divide. Eventually the weak cell wall ruptures (last panel). http://www.cellsalive.com/pen.htm Antibiotics Chemicals that kill the bacteria cells-but do not affect the cells that make up your body. Many antibiotics interrupt the machinery inside bacterial cells that builds the cell wall. Human cells do not contain this machinery, so they are unaffected. Different antibiotics work on different parts of bacterial machinery, so each one is more or less effective on specific types of bacteria. Antibacterial or antibiotics Vancomycin, cephalosporins and penicllin interfere with cell wall synthesis Erythromycin and tetracycline disrupt protein synthesis at the ribosome Sulfonamides interfere with DNA synthesis by mimicking naturally-occurring building materials Chloramphenicol, tetraclilnies, erythromycins Toxic when : Used in high doses For prolonged periods Rifampin What is Rifampin? Rifampin (RMP) is an antibiotic medicine used to treat tuberculosis (TB). There are two ways it is used: To cure TB disease (when taken with other medicines) To treat inactive (latent) TB in some situations The TB germs are very strong and are hard to get rid of. You will need to take this medicine for 6 to 12 months in order to kill all the TB bacteria and cure TB disease. Your doctor will decide exactly how many months you will take the medicine. Antiviral drugs Highly infectious to host cells because Viruses use the host’s metabolic enzymes in reproduction Anti viral drugs: Target virus-specific enzymes Acyclovir Treats (not cures) genital herpes Amantadine Used to prevent or control influenza AZT Inhibits replication of HIV genome http://www.nyscience.org/whatabou taids/whatcan/lifecycle/content.html HIV, like all viruses, is a simple form of life- a few genes wrapped in a protective shell. Those genes are the instructions for making new viruses. Outside a cell, the HIV virus can't reproduce itself, or even stay alive; but when the HIV virus invades a living cell, it turns the cell into a virus factory. In time, thousands of new viruses burst out and go on to infect other cells with HIV. Drugs used to treat: Fungal, Protozoan, Helminthes diseases ARE HIGHLY TOXIC TO MAMMALS Bind to human sterols, such as cholesterol Binding to cholesterol in renal epithelial cells accounts for the high nephrotoxicity Azole: Derivatives inhibit sterol synthesis Amphotericin B Disrupts cell membrane Creates a hole in the cell membrane allowing contents to leak out This change in osmolarity ultimately kills the cell different areas of the body, such as the brain or kidney, are affected http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/h ospital/hazards/tb/tb.html Antimicrobial resistance Is an ongoing problem in the fight against infectious diseases PCN resistance notes as early as 1943 Mycobacterium tuberculosis – some strains resistant to all drugs Resistance to antibiotics – result of changes in genetic information Fungal infections If you decide to take oral antifungal drugs, be aware that there are rare but serious side effects associated with their use. Can cause dangerous drug interactions, liver damage, and liver and heart failure. You have to undergo blood testing every four to six weeks during treatment. Minor side effects include headache, stomach upset, diarrhea, itchiness, and rashes. Systemic antifungal drugs may cause serious and possibly life-threatening liver damage