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BEC2010
Tallinn, Estonia
October 4-6, 2010
Usage of
microfluidic lab-on-chips
in biomedicine
Res. Eng. Athanasios Giannitsis
Professor Mart Min
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What are the microfluidic lab-on-chips?
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Lab-on-chips :
A class of submillimetre size bioanalytical devices.
Perform:
fluidic processes,
sensing, analysis and separation of biochemical samples.
Integrate:
fluidics, electronics, optics and biosensors.
Analyse:
metabolites, molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, cells and viruses.
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Subsets and supersets of lab-on-chips
MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems)
Embedded systems
Microfluidic
lab-on-chips devices
μ-TAS
Biosensors
Implantable
devices
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Application areas of lab-on-chip devices
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Diagnostics
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Biochemistry
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Bioanalysis
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Drug tests
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Cytometry
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Cell biology
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Genomics & proteomics
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Water & food quality
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Environmental monitoring
Biosensing
Biotechnology
Biocomputing
Pharmaceutics
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Technical advantages of lab-on-chips
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Portability
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Low power consumption
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Modularity
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Straightforward integration
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Reconfigurability
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Embedded computing
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Automated sample handling
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Low electronic noise
Few moving or spinning
components
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Operational advantages of lab-on-chips
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Automate laboratory processes like sample transport, dispensing
and mixing.
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Highly reduce the time of laboratory tests.
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Require tiny amounts of sample and reagents.
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High reduction of contaminants due to chip sealing and
environmental isolation.
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Support continuous and segmented flow.
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Accelerate chemical reactions due to the use of tiny samples.
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Obtainable temperature homogeneity due to tiny fluidic volumes.
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Relatively high throughput processing.
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Production advantages of lab-on-chips
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Affordable mass production.
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Affordable replacement cost.
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Relatively short development times.
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Short quality tests times.
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Require existing commercial computer aided design software.
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Require existing commercial modelling software.
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Clinical assessments that lab-on-chip
devices are capable for
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Drug tests
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Nucleic acid amplification
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Cytometry and cell analysis
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Genenetic mapping(genomics)
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Electroporation
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Enzymatic assays
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Blood tests
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Peptide analysis
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Cytotoxicity studies
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Protein analysis (proteomics)
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Bioassays
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Electric actuation methods
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Piezoelectric
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Electrocapillary
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Capillary electrophoresis
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Electrowetting
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Electroosmosis / streaming
potential
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Electrophoresis
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Dielectrophoresis
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Detection methods
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Bioimpedance spectroscopy
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Capacitance sensing
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Voltametry
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Dielectrophoresis & rotational spectra
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Fluorescence & image processing
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Types of microfluidic lab-on-chips
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Micropumps & microvalves
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Bioimpedance chips
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Fluidic mixers
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Electroporation chips
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Droplet generator chips
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Microbioreactors
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Electrowetting chips
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Cytometers
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Electrophoretic chips
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Dielectrophoretic chips
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Polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) chips
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Immunoassay chips
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Microarrays
Magnetophoretic chips
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Microvalves
Closed
Open
Elastomer
pressurisation
decompression
Electroactive elastomers and piezoelectric films
can be used as control membranes
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Mixers
T-junction fluidic mixer
Increase of mixing
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Droplet generators
Cross-junction droplet generator
T-junction droplet generator
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Electrowetting chips
Ground
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Capillary electrophoresis chips
V2
Outlet of
main flow
separation channel
collection
outlet
Inlet of
main flow
V1
(high voltage pulses)
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Dielectrophoretic chips
Cells collected at electrodes
Cells directed away from electrodes
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Magnetophoretic chips
coils
The magnetic fluid is moving forwards
due to the action of the magnetic force
Pipe diameter
Magnetic strength
Ferrofluid type
Surfactant
0.004
m
300
Gauss
oil based
hydrophobic
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Bioimpedance chips
Bioimpedance is capable of sensing cells or nanoparticles
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Optical cytometers
Image acquisition
Cytometry
analysis
Fluorescent
image acquisition
via microscopy
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Polymerase chain reaction chips
PCR chips provide temperature homogeneity and reaction conditions
inlet
PCR requires three thermal cycles:
Denaturation step at 90-95oC for 20-30 seconds
Annealing step at 50-60oC for 20-40 seconds
Elongation step at 60-70oC for 5-15 minutes
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Microarrays
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Cellular microarray: examines cells reaction with antibodies
proteins or lipids.
DNA microarray: detects DNA / RNA, and gene expression.
Protein microarray: detects proteins in liquids, protein to protein
interactions, biomolecules.
Antibody microarray: detects antigens, biomarkers, and protein
expressions.
Chemical microarray: detects proteins that bind on specific
chemical compounds.
Fluorescence
mapping
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Electronic circuitry on lab-on-chips
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Analog front-end
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Analog-digital converter ADC
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Digital signal processor
Sensor
Signal
Conditioning
Front-end
Memories
ADC
Digital
Signal
Processor
Bus
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Analog Front-end
Input
Output
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Low signal amplitude
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Low frequency noise
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Volt level output for
subsequent ADC
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Low noise
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Cross-parameter stability
Cross-parameter sensitivity
Sensor mV
(mΩ, fF)
Amplifier
V
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Future trends in lab-on-chip
technology
Technical improvements
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Improvement in reliability
Improvements in portability
Parallel sample processing
Ultralow power consumption
Smaller and lighter devices
Wireless networking
Advance user interfaces
Standalone computing
Standardisation of fabrication
materials
Biocompatibility improvements
Nanoscale channels
development
Usage benefits
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Personalised medicine
Point-of-care diagnostics
Marine sensors
Monitor pollution
Monitor pandemics / diseases
Link to medical and patient
databases
Usage as terminal testers
Telemedicine
Military medicine
BEC2010
Tallinn, Estonia
October 4-6, 2010
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