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An Introduction to Ancient Greece Before we begin… “_______________” refers to the point at which human societies ______________ and took root around certain spots. This stopped the tradition of __________ hunting and _______________ as people converted to an ______________ lifestyle (which means that they would _____ and _____ their food instead of __________ ____ and looking for it). Early stone arrowhead Civilization It is thought that the six earliest civilizations around the world were ____________________, ____________, ___________, Shang (or ________ ________ valley), ______________ and Andean _______ ____________. However, these all have different dates attached to them. Some date back as many as 9000 or 10,000 years ago, while others are as recent as 3500 years ago. The “Fertile Crescent” of Mesopotamia Civilization, cont’d The reasons for the differences are many, but ________________ is important (the right ____________ to grow and raise food) as is having the right ___________ around (some are more easily tamed than others to do work and stay put). Teotihuacan, in Central America Geography is also important when it comes to __________ ____________ and exposure to others. Areas close to _______ and __________ supplied constant ________ to facilitate agriculture, and being surrounded by _______________ or water would __________ a civilization from ____________. A regular climate would include seasonal changes that humans can survive as well as regular rainfall. Places that had all of these features were ideal for humans to settle. Civilization continued When humans started living in _____ _________, ______________ quickly followed – stone buildings, ____________, and more importantly, organization. That means everything from government to __________________ (roads, sewers, etc.) to special jobs (carpenter, stone mason, blacksmith, etc.). Thus, _________________ was born… Ancient Greece Ancient Greece is considered by many historians to be the _______________ of ____________ “western” _______________ (that of a European tradition). Statue of the Greek God, Zeus That’s not to say there weren’t others that were important (__________ ________, for example, was very important, and likely taught the Greeks a thing or two), but the traditions of _______________, ____________, _______________ and _______________ (just to name a few) that Europe and many other societies around the world have today can all be traced back more than ________ years ago to Ancient Greece. When was “Ancient Greece?” Ancient Greece refers to the time period beginning in ________ BCE with the ________ civilization up to about ___ BCE with the full conquest of Greece by the Roman Empire. However, the really important period in Ancient Greece can be narrowed to between _____ BCE (development of Greek _______________) to _____ BCE (when the _____________ Empire would take over Greece). A Minoan Fresco A Mosaic of Alexander the Great Geography and Greece _______________ played an important role in the development of ancient Greek s____________. Much of Greece is made up of small _________ and ________ regions among ____________ ( ______ of Greece is _______________). The rest is comprised of _______ ____________. Map of Ancient Greece Geography and Greece, continued _______________ and ____________ isolated Greek societies, and despite common religions, languages and traditions (spread through trade and colonization), Greek _______ - __________ were very _______________. This took their development along different paths and also caused them to_____ with one another. Mount Olympus, close to Thessaloniki Minoan Civilization (2500-1450 BCE) While technically not a Greek City-State, the __________ civilization of __________ (big island south of the Greek mainland) was a pre-cursor to Ancient Greek society. Many Greek societies were influenced by the developments of the Minoans. Minoan Civilization, cont’d The Minoan civilization reached its height between ________ and ________ BCE. This was indeed a developed society, as a grand __________ built at Knossos reveals a complex structure, containing ____________ __________ for the King’s family and elaborate _______________ (with evidence of ____________ and ____________ systems that were fairly advanced). Ruins of the palace at Knossos Minoan Civilization, continued The Minoans also had advanced __________ and __________, which they ____________ with other societies. Minoan jug circa 2000 BCE Indeed, Minoa was a seafaring trading power above all else, and their influence was felt throughout the __________ sea, and even in ________. Minoan vase circa 1500 BCE Minoan Civilization, continued No one knows exactly why the Minoan civilization collapsed, but some sort of __________________ hit around ________ BCE. After that, the Minoans never recovered and their society all but ________________ as a new power emerged… A Minoan fresco, possibly depicting 3 Queens, shortly before Minoa’s collapse. Mycenae: The First Greek City-State (1600-1100 BCE) Supposedly first ruled by the legendary__________, Mycenae was a fortified _____ - ________ on the Greek mainland (near Athens) and was the first proper Greek city-state. Unlike Minoa, the Mycenaeans were Indo-Europeans and spoke a language closer to modern Greek. The Mycenaeans established a kind of __________, with __________ who established fortified towns forming an __________of _______________ states. At the head of this alliance was a “_____ of _____” – the most famous being Agamemnon. “The Mask of Agamemnon” discovered in 1876 Mycenae, continued The Mycenaeans were a proud _____________ people, and the most famous of their military exploits was the destruction of ________, made famous by the Greek poet, ________ (although he wrote the “history” a few hundred years after it happened). Led by Agamemnon, a force of Mycenaean Greeks attacked the city of Troy, later destroying it after invading the city secretly by way of the “__________ ________.” A triumphant Achilles parades the body of the defeated Hector Mycenae, continued Unfortunately for the Mycenaeans, their success was ________ __________, as in-fighting and competition between kings led to a ____________ of their civilization in about _____ BCE, ushering in a period known as the “______ ______” of Ancient Greece. It’s important to note the rivalry between Troy and Mycenae here. _____ was on the _____ coast of what is now _________, and after the Trojan War, Greek settlements actually took root in this area, known as “________.” Depiction of the death of Agamemnon The Dark Ages of Ancient Greece (1100-750 BCE) After the collapse of Mycenae, _____ _______________ and _______________ dropped in many Greek city-states. Some kingdoms fell into _____ and were _______________. In response, many Greeks migrated to ________ and constructed new settlements there. As _______ and _____________ activity started to recover, ____________ developed and ______ replaced ________ as the metal of choice. Map of settlements in the Dark Age of Greece The Dark Ages, continued It’s not really accurate to call them “The ______ _____” (this term is falling out of favor with historians, anyway). Actually, a number of important developments happened. ________ and “_______________” expanded, _______________ progressed and the Greeks adopted the Phoenician _______________ to give themselves a unified system of writing. This was also the time of the great poet ________, who wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey. No, not that guy… This guy! The Archaic Age of Ancient Greece (750-500 BCE) The ________ _____ is also known as the age of the Greek ______ - ________, as it was during this time that a great number of powerful city-states emerged that would advance Greek society across the __________, and would also lead to an __________ __________ across the area, putting Greece face-to-face with the Persian Empire. A Greek vase from about 750 BCE. Notice the geometric patterns, not found on vases previously. The Archaic Age, continued One of the most important advances of the Archaic Age was the development of the _____. While “polis” could simply be seen as a fancy word for city-state (it literally means “_____”), it really is more of a ____________. Greeks began to see themselves as ____________, or ____________of a ________, rather than simply ____________ in a ____________. Indeed, it is from “________” that we get the modern word “__________.” The Archaic Age, continued _______________ was once again an important part of the ________, as the main gathering place was a hill, which in some cases had an acropolis (the most famous one being in Athens). The acropolis could be ____________ to become a __________ during an attack, and it could also be an important ____________ center, on which temples were built. Below the acropolis was an ________, an open area where people could assemble, as well as serving as a ________. The Acropolis of Athens The Archaic Age, continued The city-states also _________ with each other (____________) and went to _____ with each other (_____ ___ ____________). Thus, both __________ and __________developments occurred during the Archaic Age. The most significant military development was the __________, which arranged soldiers in a kind of “__________ _______” with shields to guard against spear and arrow attacks. As long as it remained ___________, it was a very effective tactic, as it was difficult for soldiers to be harmed while in formation. The Phalanx The Archaic Age, continued The city-states’ ________ development led to an outward spreading of Greek __________ (in the form of colonization) across the Mediterranean to Turkey (________), Italy, southern France and Spain, and even North Africa. Greece’s newfound ________ also led to a new wealthy class of ____________, who were intent on __________ power from aristocratic _____ land-owners. This would usher in the rule of the __________. The Archaic Age, continued The __________ were not automatically _____. After gaining control of city-state governments (through hired soldiers) many wanted to maintain their popularity with citizens by embarking on ________ ________ ________ (like walls, temples, roads and ports). This worked for a while, but eventually many tyrants did become _______________, and the Greeks ousted them from power by around _____ BCE. The Greeks believed in the ________ ___ _____, and tyrants, no matter how effective, were an affront to this. However, the tyrants rule had a profound legacy, as some city-states evolved from tyrant rule to rule by group, or ____________, and others tried a new idea they called “_______________…” Athens By _____ BCE, __________ had become a unified ________, beginning with rule by a _______ but moving into control by ____________ ____________ – the assembly of citizens had few powers. By the end of the 600s BCE, Athens had fallen into crisis. _______, a politician, had codified Athenian law with harsh penalties attached for breaking them. __________ could be forced into __________. Many __________ were forced into __________ when they couldn’t pay their ________ to ____________, and civil unrest was starting to brew. Cries came from the citizenry to give ________ to the ________ and cancel debts. Statue of the goddess, Athena Athens, continued After a series of __________ tried and failed to stabilize Athens, an ____________, Cleisthenes, finally put Athens in order by creating a ____________ of _____ – male citizens who supervised __________ affairs, oversaw the ____________ and proposed laws after free and open debate. It was from this council that Athenian _____________ was born. Bust of Cleisthenes Sparta A counter-point to Athenian society was ________. Sparta was a ____________ state made up of the Spartans and the ________ (a word that means “___________” – the people of conquered tribes that the Spartans ____________). Between _____ and _____ BCE, Spartan society underwent numerous ________ in an effort to ____________ its society and maintain Spartan superiority over the helots. _____ were taken from their mothers at the age of ______ and put under control of the ________, to become ____________. At ________, they were in the ______, and although allowed to marry, they were to continue to live in military barracks. At _____, they could _____ in the __________ and live at _____, but they remained in military service until the age of ________. Sparta, continued The Spartan ________ also affected _______________, and although there was an assembly, Sparta was an ___________, with power resting in the hands of _____ ________, responsible for the military, and the ____________, or council of elders. The gerousia consisted of ____ citizens over the age of sixty who were elected for _____, and they prepared proposals for the __________, or ________ to vote on (___ _________). Rarely did the apella reject a proposal from the gerousia, but it did elect the gerousia, along with a group of 5 men, the ephors, who supervised education for all youth and the conduct of all citizens. Sparta, continued To maintain “________,” Sparta discouraged the study of __________, ____________ and the ______ (they might encourage new ideas) and ____ by __________. Spartans were not allowed to ________ abroad, except to conquer. In the 500s BCE, Sparta used its military power to organize an alliance of ________________ city-states, and was a force to be reckoned with, having only Athens and her allies as a rival. Until someone else showed up in Greece… Statue of a Spartan Warrior Classical Greece, cont’d Though the revolt was crushed, the Persian Emperor, Darius, vowed revenge, and attacked mainland Greece in 490 BCE, in Marathon. However, the Greeks prevailed and the invasion was put down. This time… Map of the Persian Empire in 490 BCE Classical Greece, cont’d After the death of Darius in 486 BCE, the new emperor, Xerxes, picked up the torch. He led a massive force into Greece – 180 000 troops, backed by a navy and supply ships. However, Xerxes had not counted on the determination of the Greeks, and after a massive battle at Plataea, which saw the largest united Greek army ever gathered, the Persians were utterly defeated and the Greeks were free to pursue their own destiny. Depiction of Persian and Greek Warriors Classical Greece, cont’d After the repulsion of the Persians, Greek society flourished, and it was during this time that great achievements in architecture, such as the Parthenon of Athens (about 440 BCE), and achievements in art, such as Greek sculpture and drama (Sophocles) were seen. This age also saw the growth of intellectual pursuits, as Herodotus and Thucydides wrote histories which emphasized facts (more so for Thucydides) and Socrates, Plato and Aristotle established philosophy. Others, such as Pythagoras, looked for unifying theories to explain the universe, giving birth to Mathematics. The Parthenon Classical Greece, cont’d Unfortunately, without a foreign rival to unify them, the expansion of the citystates ultimately led to war. Athens emerged during the Classical period with a strong empire based on its navy, but they were rivaled by Sparta with its powerful army. The two societies were organized in very different ways and neither were tolerant of the other - the two soon went to war. Actually, Athens and Sparta (and their allies) went to war a few times, in what were called the “Peloponnesian Wars.” Neither side would emerge in decisive victory, and the weakening of the citystates led to its vulnerability to a new empire building in the north. Map showing Alliances of the Peloponnesian War Hellenistic Greece 360 – 320 BCE The word “Hellenistic” means “to imitate Greeks,” and that’s what much of the world did when the Greeks would be unified again and actually march into Persia, conquering it. It’s an irony, though, that this was achieve by someone who wasn’t Greek – Alexander the Great. Alexander being tutored by Aristotle Hellenistic Greece, cont’d Alexander was the son of Philip of Macedon. The Macedonians were a group of people who lived north of the major Greek city-states, but started to get powerful under Philip, as they organized themselves under a strong army when the Greek citystates were fighting among themselves. Alexander, while Macedonian, thought of himself as Greek. He claimed to be a descendant of Heracles (A.K.A. “Hercules”) and wanted vengeance against Persia for their invasion of the Greek mainland. Statue of Alexander Hellenistic Greece, cont’d He led a huge force past Ionia into Persia and pushed as far as India. In the end, he both unified the Greeks and also established one of the largest empires in history. Sadly (for him) it didn’t last long. He died at the young age of 32, and Greek forces were so stretched that they became vulnerable again to another foreign force: Rome. His legacy, however, was far-reaching, as Greek literature, art and thought were expanded far past the Mediterranean, and Greek culture itself was transformed by coming into contact with others. Alexander’s empire Conclusion Can one speak of a unified Greek nation, then? Was Ancient Greece an example of an early nation? Certainly, the Greeks went past tribalism into something new: citizenship. The Greek city-state unified people and created a new sense of identity that didn’t exist before, and many citystates shared cultural aspects in common (not to mention language, religion and art). However, most Greeks probably still thought of themselves as members of a tribe (Spartan) or small group (Athenian). It’s unclear then, if a truly “Greek” identity had emerged in a national sense.