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Literary Theory and Methodology Session Five: The Ethics of Reading Agenda • • • • Appetizer: Oscar Wilde, ”Preface” What is ethics? Ethical criticism and narrative Ethical reading: from liberal humanism to structuralism and poststructuralism • Examples Appetizer: Oscar Wilde, ”Preface” • John Stuart Mill and Matthew Arnold: literature as saviour • Oscar Wilde and aesthticism or art for art’s sake What is ethics? • Ethics = moral philosophy • Universalism, relativism, pluralism – Good / bad – Right / wrong – Virtuous / sinful Ethical criticism and narrative • • • • Why narrative? Story / plot: patterns of cause and effect Character / characterization: motivation Point of view: comments, judgements, evaluation. • Wayne C. Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction → The Company We Keep: An Ethics of Fiction (1988) Ethical criticism • Liberal humanism • The author (and the text) – Complex experience of life – Moral intensity, moral intelligence – Spiritual health Ethical criticism • The tradition of liberal humanism (universalism) – Characters = real human beings – Motivations, actions, consequences – Thought and speech: inner and outer – Evaluations and discussion Ethics of reading / ethical criticism • • • • • Feminism Postcolonialist theory Gay, lesbian and queer theory Green reading / ecocriticism Poststructuralism and deconstruction – The openness of the text – The signifier rather than the signified The ethics of reading / ethical criticism • Formalism and aestheticism • Structuralism: – Sign systems rather than authors – Characterization rather than character • The new criticism: the poem as an object Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus • The title • The epigraph • The frame structure Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus • The dangers of excessive ambition Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay To mould me man? Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me? John Milton, Paradise Lost James Joyce, ”The Dead” • How does Gabriel go wrong in imagining an identity for Gretta? Jeanette Winterson, Written on the Body • ”It’s the clichés that cause all the trouble” • The narrator-protagonist’s invention of Louise • Louise’s invention of herself Nadine Gordimer, ”The Moment Before the Gun Went Off”