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Kingdom Plantae Plant Characteristics • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Cell walls made of cellulose • Develop from multicellular embryos • Carry out photosynthesis • Contain chlorophyll a & b • Reproduce by alternation of generations Plant Evolution • First plants evolved from organisms similar to today’s multicellular green algae. Plant Cladogram Ancestor Algae Bryophytes • Life cycle that depends on water so the sperm can swim to the egg. • Lack vascular tissue, so they obtain water through osmosis • Includes mosses, liverworts, & hornworts Seedless Vascular Plants • Ferns, horsetails, club mosses • Contain xylem & phloem (vascular tissue) – Xylem – carries water up from the roots – Phloem – transports products of photosynthesis Seedless Vascular Plants • Have roots, stems, and leaves with veins • Include club mosses, horsetails, and ferns. • Ferns have rhizomes & fronds with sori – Rhizomes – fern stems – Fronds – fern leaves – Sori – fern spores Plant Cladogram Ancestor Algae Spermatophytes • Seed Plants • Have adaptations that allow them to reproduce without water – Flowers or cones – Transfer of sperm by pollination – Protection of embryos in seeds • Two types: – Gymnosperms – Angiosperms Gymnosperms • Bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones • Include conifers, ginkgo, cycads, and gnetophytes Angiosperms • Flowering plants • Bear seeds within ovaries which surround and protect the seed. • Two types: – Monocot – Dicot Plant Structure • Flower – Male reproductive structures - Stamen – Female reproductive structures - Carpal Monocots • All monocots have the following characteristics: – – – – Single cotyledon – seed leaf Parallel veins Flower petals in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered throughout the stem – Fibrous roots Dicots • All dicots have the following characteristics: – – – – – Two cotyledon leaves Branched veins Flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue arranged in a ring Taproot Angiosperm Life Spans • Annuals – complete life cycle in one growing season • Biennials – complete life cycle in two years – First year: grow roots, short stems and sometimes leaves – Second year: grow new stems, leaves, produce flowers and seeds • Perennials – live many years