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Bacteria • 2 Kingdoms- EUBACTERIA & ARCHAEBACTERIA • PROKARYOTES (very small) • UNICELLULAR • Eubacteria classified by their shape • Archaebacteria classified by the habitat Bacteria CONT. • Most reproduce by BINARY FISSION (asexual) • Some reproduce by CONJUGATION (sexual) • • • • • Autotrophs – chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs Heterotrophs- decomposers, fermentation Some bacteria have flagella/flagellum for movement Some have pili to help the bacteria attach An endospore protects some bacteria from its environment • CELL WALL – Archaebacteria cell wall composition varies – Eubacteria cell wall made of peptidoglycan Importance of Bacteria • Fix Nitrogen • Allow for nutrient recycling/eat oil • Used in FOOD production – Cheese, pickles, yogurt, etc. • Can be used to produce HORMONES • ANTIBIOTICS • Produce OXYGEN=Cyanobacteria like Abena are photosynthetic autotrophs Bacteria & Disease • • • • • • • • M. tuberculosis C. tetani T. pallidum C. botulinum E. coli Streplococcus Staphylococcus Abena • • • • • • • • • Tuberculosis Bubonic Plague Tetanus Lyme Disease Pneumonia Some STD’s Botulism Strep throat Salmonella Gram+ Streptococcus Causes Tooth Decay GramE. coli 3 Bacterial Shapes Coccus=spherical shape Bacillus=rod shape Diplo= bacteria arranged in pairs Spirillum=sprial shape Staphylo= bacteria looks like grapes Strepto= bacteria in chains 3 Groups • Animal-like Prostists –Called PROTOZOANS classified by how they move. Heterotrophs • Plant-like Protists –Called ALGAE classified by their photosynthetic pigments. Autotrophs • Fungus-like Protists –Classified by their reproduction heterotrophs/decomposers METHODS OF MOVEMENT for Protozoa (Animal Like Protists) • Flagella – long, whiplike structure • Cilia – short hairlike structures • Pseudopods – False feet – Flowing extensions of cell body METHODS OF REPRODUCTION • Mitosis (Asexual) –Simple division into two identical cells (binary fission) • Meiosis (Sexual) –Nucleus divides by meiosis then two paramecia exchange nuclear material (conjugation) DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTISTS • Malaria is caused by Plasmodium • Potato Famine caused by water mold Examples * Ameoba, algae, water molds • • • • General Characteristics Eukaryotic Most multicellular Heterotrophic decomposers Classified by how they reproduce – Create spores (asexual and sexual stages) – Budding and Fragmentation (asexual) Structures/Adaptations • • • • • Hyphae Rhizoids Mycelium Cap Cell wall of chitin morels yeast Ringworm Athlete’s foot toadstools mushrooms puffballs Plantae KINGDOM General Characteristics • Multicellular & Eukaryotic • Reproduce by spores (Alt. of Generations) some by seeds • Chlorophyll • Autotrophic (Photosynthesis) • Thick CELL WALL made of CELLULOSE Structures/Adaptations • Roots=anchor plant • Seeds= plant embryo • Leaves= increase surface area for photosynthesis • Vascular tissues = contain xylem & phloem to transport water and nutrients • Flowers= attract insects for pollination – Contain stamens (male) & pistil (female) Classification of Plants • Based on their reproduction & their presents of vascular tissues • Three Main Groups – NonVascular NonSeed – Vascular NonSeed – Vascular Seed Animalia General Characteristics • Multicellular & Eukaryotic • Classified as Invertebrates (no backbone) or Vertebrates (with a backbone) • Heterotrophic –Carnivores, Omnivores, Herbivores, Scavengers, Filter Feeders Animals Continued • Most reproduce sexually – Internal (cats) or external fertilization (fish) – Some are hermaphrodites (worms) • Some have asexual means of reproduction – Budding – Fragmenation – Regenergation – Parthenogenesis Adaptations/Structures • • • • • • • • • • Some use metaphorphosis Fur Feathers Opposable thumbs Teeth Venom Stingers Exoskeleton Scales Gills