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ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS ECOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS ECOSYSTEM • A LIMITED AREA IN WHICH LIVING AND NONLIVING THINGS INTERACT • IT IS SHAPED BY: 1. ABIOTIC FACTORS - THE NONLIVING FACTORS / PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 2. BIOTIC FACTORS- LIVING ORGANISMS ACTIVITY #1 PLACE THE EAGLES IN THE PROPER CATEGORIES, DEPENDING ON WHETHER THEY ARE DESCRIBING AN ABIOTIC FACTOR OR A BIOTIC FACTOR. Ecosystem Dynamics TWO KEY PROCESSES: 1. ENERGY FLOW 2. CHEMICAL CYCLING ENERGY FLOW Two types of energy sources: 1. Light Energy- the main energy source for life on Earth; used by autotrophs to carry out photosynthesis. 2. Inorganic Chemical Compoundsare used by autotrophs that can produce food in the absence of light. The process is called “chemosynthesis.” • PRODUCERS – autotrophs MANUFACTURE THEIR OWN FOOD – via PHOTOSYNTHESIS or CHEMOSYNTHESIS. • CONSUMERS – heterotrophs rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply. TYPES OF CONSUMERS - Heterotrophs • HERBIVORES- eat only plants • CARNIVORES – eat animals • OMNIVORES – eat both plants and animals • DETRITIVORES – feed on animal remains or other dead matter ( crabs, earthworms, ants) • DECOMPOSERS- break down organic matter ( bacteria, fungi) What’s for dinner? • FOOD CHAINS- a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. • FOOD WEBS- link all the food chains in the ecosystem together. • TROPHIC LEVEL- each step in a food chain. Producers – first level, consumerssecond, third or higher. Ecological Pyramids Ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level. 3 Types: ENERGY PYRAMID BIOMASS PYRAMID PYRAMID of NUMBERS Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat. Pyramid of Numbers Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid. Shows the relative number of Individual organisms at each trophic level. How much energy is available to first-, second-, and third-level consumers, if there are 50,000 kcal available at the producers’ trophic level? A B C D 250, 25, and 1 3000, 250, and 25 5000, 500, and 50 1, 25, and 250 In the food chain, what percentage of the energy stored in the krill probably would be transferred to the cod? A. More than 90 percent B. About 75 percent C. About 50 percent D. Less than 15 percent BIOMASS PYRAMID: PYRAMID OF NUMBERS: 3rd Level Consumers 2nd Level Consumers 1st Level Consumers Producers What is true about the pyramid of numbers? i 1st level consumers compose the greatest number of individuals. ii There are more 3rd level consumers than 2nd level consumers. iii There are more producers than 1st level consumers. A. i only B. ii only C. i and ii only D. ii and iii only E. i, ii, and iii BIOMASS PYRAMID: PYRAMID OF NUMBERS: 3rd Level Consumers 2nd Level Consumers 1st Level Consumers Producers What can you conclude based on the two pyramids? i The producers are probably small, like single-celled algae in a body of water. ii The producers are probably large, like trees in a forest. iii No reasonable conclusion can be drawn from the information given. A. i only B. ii only C. i and ii only D. ii and iii only E. i, ii, and iii CYCLES OF MATTER Only 4 elements – oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen -make up over 95% of the body in most organisms. Cycles of Matter Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. The process of chemical recycling in an ecosystem, involving both biotic and abiotic factors- is called Biogeochemical Cycle; BioGeoChemical Cycle Consumers Producers Detritivores Nutrients avail. to producers Abiotic reservoir Geologic Processes The Water Cycle Condensation Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration Runoff Seepage Root Uptake The Water Cycle There are 3 major processes driven by solar energy: Precipitation, Evaporation, and Transpiration - that continuously move water between the land, oceans, and atmosphere. Over the oceans, evaporation > precipitation; Water vapor in clouds gets carried by winds across the land. On land, precipitation > evaporation and transpiration. The excess precipitation forms lakes, rivers, and groundwater- that flow back to the sea, completing the water cycle. The Carbon Cycle CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean The Carbon Cycle Carbon- major ingredient of all organic molecules. Its abiotic reservoir is atmosphere, oceans, rocks, soil; biotic- organisms. Photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition take up and release carbon and oxygen. Erosion and volcanic activity release carbon dioxide Decomposition- leads to fossil fuels, carbon underground. Human activities- mining, burning fuels, etc. release carbon dioxide. The Nitrogen Cycle N2 in Atmosphere NH3 NO3and NO2- The Nitrogen Cycle The main reservoir- atmosphere. Ingredient of amino acids; Cycles through the soil and organisms. Although atmosphere contains 79% nitrogen gas, only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly. The bacteria lives in the soil, plant roots and binds nitrogen to hydrogen to form ammonia (process called “nitrogen fixation”); Other bacteria performs “nitrification”- convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites. Denitrification- nitrates converted into nitrogen gas. Phosphorus Cycle Part of DNA and RNA; does not enter atmosphere. Main abiotic reservoir- rock, which upon weathering releases phosphorus. Some phosphate cycles between organisms and the soil on land. Levels of Organization Levels of Organization BIOSPHERE- part of Earth in which life exists including land ( lithosphere), water (hydrosphere), and air ( atmosphere.) 8km ~ 5miles Earth’s Surface 11km ~ 6.8miles Levels of Organization BIOME- a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities ( plants & animals.) Examples: Tropical Rain Forest Desert Temperate Grassland Tundra 10 MAJOR BIOMES Ten Major Biomes Biome Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Savanna Desert Temperate Grassland Temperate woodland and Shrubland Temperate Forest Northwestern Coniferous Forest Boreal Forest Tundra Precipitation Temperature high hot Soil poor Diversity high Trees dense Grasses sparse variable mild rich moderate medium medium variable mild clay moderate sparse dense low moderate variable summer hot poor rich moderate moderate sparse absent sparse dense summer low, summer hot winter moderate moderate summer moderate, winter cold high summer mild, winter cold poor low medium medium rich high dense sparse rocky, acidic low dense sparse moderate poor, acidic moderate dense sparse poor absent medium low summer mild, winter cool summer mild, winter cold low The Role of Climate Sunlight Sunlight Most direct sunlight Sunlight Sunlight Levels of Organization ECOSYSTEM- all organisms in a particular area, along with the abiotic factors with which they interact. Examples: Lakes, Forests, Marshes, etc. Two general categories of ecosystems: - Terrestrial - Aquatic Levels of Organization COMMUNITY – all of the organisms living in a specific place. Levels of Organization POPULATION – groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area/ecosystem. Can a group of rabbits and a group of mice make up the same population in an ecosystem? Levels of Organization INDIVIDUAL SPECIES – a group of organisms that are similar to one another and can breed and produce fertile offspring; Organism- the smallest living unit of the biosphere. BIODIVERSITY- the number and variety of species living within an ecosystem. CARRYING CAPACITY– the ability of the ecosystem to support the organisms in its ecosystem. Community Interactions When organisms live together, they interact. Interactions such as COMPETITION, PREDATION, and SYMBIOSIS help shape the ecosystem in which they live. • Competition- organisms compete for the same limited resource ( water, nutrients, light, food, or space.) “ Competitive exclusion principle”- no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Predation- one organism captures and feeds on another. • Symbiosis- “living together”: Mutualism – both organisms benefit Commensalism- one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Parasitism- one organism, the parasite, benefits; and the other, the host, is harmed Test your knowledge: 1. The anemone is found attached to the shell in which the hermit crab lives. When crab searches for food, the anemone is brought into contact with a greater supply of food. The crab doesn’t mind his host; anemone's stinging cells protects him too. 2. Tapeworms have no gut, so they rely on their host to provide them with already digested food. The host later suffers harm. 3. Oxpeckers run over the backs of hippopotami. These birds rid their partners of injurious and annoying pests and in doing so obtain a ready supply of food. 4. Spiders build their webs on trees. 5. Phoretic mite attaches the fly for transportation only.