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Ecology The study of living organisms and their environment. Ecology What is Ecology? Study of living organisms. Eco- = living -ology = study of What is an organism? Anything that has the characteristics of life. Example: Sea Turtle, Fungi, Bacteria What is a species? A group of organisms that can interbreed and reproduce Example: Homo Sapiens Characteristics of Life • • • • • • Living things are organized - Orderly structure (cells) - we are made up of billions of cells Requires energy! Reproduction Life Cycle - grows and develops over time Adapts and evolves Maintains homeostasis Environmental Factors What is the Environment? Biotic Bio = living Examples: animals, plants, fungi, insects, bacteria Abiotic Abiotic = non living Examples: water, oxygen, soil, nutrients, temperature, sunlight, wind Determine the abiotic and biotic factors. Activity! Take out your composition notebook. Draw a picture of a Venn Diagram. Label one circle abiotic and the Other biotic. List 4-5 different Characteristics that fit into Each side. Timed: 5 minutes. Biological Hierarchy = levels of organization Levels of organization = Biological Hierarchy Organism • An individual living thing that posses all the characteristics of life. Species • More than one organism that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Biological Hierarchy Population • A group of organisms, all of the same species living in same place at same time. Community • All the populations of different species that live in the same place @ same time. Ecosystem population of plants and animals interacting in the same place at the same time and all the abiotic factors are also there. – Example: Both temperature and water effects the growth of plants and trees. – Fish and coral reef live within the same ecosystem. Ecosystem Interactions These trees are the habitat for the community of organisms that live here. Activity: • In pairs. • Sketch a picture containing a habitat. • Name six organisms that live in this habitat. • List the niche of each organism. Time: 12 minutes. Lets talks about the differences: Habitat: an area where an organism lives. Example: Atlantic Ocean, Amazon Rain Forest, Arctic tundra Niche: the role or position an organism plays in its environment Example: Sea Otters eating Sea urchins Ecosystem Interactions How are the fish using the coral reef? The coral serves as a habitat for the fish. What is the niche of the fish? The fish are primary producers, eating plankton and small fish around the coral reef. <<<< How is the fungus and green moss using the tree branch? The tree serves as a habitat for both. <<<< What is the niche of the fungus? The fungus is a decomposer, taking in nutrients from the wood. Ecosystem Interactions • Competition: occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time. • Resources are food, water, space, and light • Predation: the act of one organism pursuing and consuming another organism. Community Interactions Symbiosis: A relationship between different species in which there is a close and a permanent association between them – Mutualism – Commensalism – Parasitism Mutualism • A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from living in close association. Clown fish & Sea anemone The fish protect the anemone from anemone-eaters, the anemone protects the fish from fish eaters. Commensalism • A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed or benefited. Barnacles attach to whales barnacles are filter feeders as whales move through the water the barnacles experience continuous feeding Commensalism Trigger Fish It’s diet consists of molluscs(shelled organisms), tub worms, and plankton The trigger fish swims around the sea lifting rocks. Other fish are known to swim next to him. These fish get a free dinner! The Trigger fish doesn’t gain or lose anything. Parasitism • A symbiotic relationship in which one species derives benefit at the expense of the other species (host) -Brown-headed cowbirds display a brood parasitism. They lay their eggs in the nest of songbirds, often at the expense of the host birds’ eggs. The offspring of the host birds’ offer suffer in feedings, cowbirds are much larger. Parasites Parasites don’t always kill their host. Examples: lice & ticks Video Clip • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1 t81Q • Draw a T-chart using your new vocabulary words: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. • In your own words, define all three terms. • List examples of each. • Draw a sketch or create a sentence using the new words. Heterotrophs: receive energy from eating other organisms. Hetero- = different -troph = organisms that get nutrients. • Autotrophs: an organism that collects energy from the sun or inorganic substances. Auto - = self-feeding -troph = organisms that get nutrients • Autotrophs are the foundation of all ecosystem because they make energy available for all organisms. Different types of Heterotrophs • • • • Carnivores: eats meat Herbivores: eats plants Omnivores: eats both meats and plants Detritovores: eats decomposing matter Models of Energy Flow- Pick a partner, build a food chain Food Chain Food Web Ecological Pyramids a) In a pyramid, which direction does energy travel? How much energy is transferred to the energy above it? b) What is the relationship of biomass at each trophic level? c) How does the number of organisms relate at each trophic level? Practice 1. Which term best describes the bee’s role of gathering pollen? a) Niche b) predator c) parasite d) habitat 2. Name an organism who is an autotroph. What is it’s niche? 3. Where is the largest concentration of energy in a food chain? 4. How does energy first enter a pond ecosystem? a) Through growth of algae b) through light from the sun c) through decay of dead matter d) through runoff from fields 5. Which of these levels of organization include all the other levels? a) Community b) ecosystem c) population d) organism 6. Draw an energy pyramid for a food chain made up of grass, catepillars, snake, roadrunner. Assume that 100% of energy is available in the grass. At each trophic level, demonstrate how much energy is available at the next trophic level. Objective for September 10, 2014 • Today I will learn and analyze how essential nutrients such as water and carbon are cycled through biogeochemical processes. Bell Ringer 1) Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. 2) Illustrate the flow of energy through a simple food chain that ends with a lion as the final consumer. 3) Classify a pet dog as an autotroph or heterotroph, and as an herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore. Explain. 4) Evaluate the impact of living organisms if the Sun began to produce less energy and then finally burned out. Cycles of Matter Vocabulary • What is matter? Anything that takes up space! • What is a nutrient? Macromolecules(chemical substances) taken from the environment to sustain life. • What are macromolecules? Carbon – Hydrogen – Nitrogen – Oxygen – Phosphorous • What is a biogeochemical cycle? Exchange of matter through the biosphere Bio = life Geo = earth Chemical = a substance that’s been purified • Why is it important that these macronutrients are recycled? Nutrients continue to be recycled and reused by other organisms Hydrologic Cycle • Transpiration – movement of water through a plant • Condensation - collision of water/moist water with cold dry water • Precipitation – rain, snow, hail, sleet • Evaporation – water returning to the atmosphere • Run-off • Percolation (from the soil) – filtering of water from soil • Ground Water (aquifers) - nonreplenishable Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaDkph9 yQBs - NOAA • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpI YlCA - Crash Course Why Carbon? • Why is carbon important? Carbon is one of the most abundant elements on Earth. • Compounds containing Carbon are called organic compounds. • All cells contain Carbon. It is one the most essential building blocks of life. • Carbon can exist in 3 states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Carbon Cycle Facts • The carbon cycle is balance through a variety of sources and sinks. -Anything that release carbon = source -Anything that absorbs carbon = sink • Over time, without any human influence, the sources and sinks balance. Examples of a source: volcano eruption, burning of fossil fuels, cell respiration(converting energy into waste) Carbon Cycle • 1st: As a gas, carbon dioxide is first used during photosynthesis of plants. These plants are known as producers. • 2nd: Primary consumers obtain carbon from eating producers. • 3rd: Secondary consumers obtain carbon from eating the herbivores. • 4th: When living things die, the matter decays and decomposes into the soil. • 5th: As living things breathe, the carbon is released back into the atmosphere. TO THE NITROGEN CYCLE!! Nitrogen Cycle Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP24Bce Owt8 Video Questions 1. Where is Nitrogen found? 2. Plants can’t use atmospheric nitrogen(N2) because they prefer to breakdown their macromolecules before usage. What 3 chemical compounds containing Nitrogen can they use? ___________ , _____________ , _____________ 3. What is the last stage of the nitrogen cycle? 4. What is the function of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle? Nitrogen Cycle Vocabulary • Nitrogen fixation: the process of capturing and converting nitrogen into a form plants can use as nutrients(NO2) (NO3) • Denitrification: soil bacteria convert Nitrogen compounds (NO) back into nitrogen gas (N2) and return to the atmosphere. Nitrogen Cycle Ammonium (NH4+ ) is released Nitrous oxide (NO2) Bacteria fix nitrogen NO2 NO3NO3- taken up by root Nitrogen Cycle