Download Principles of Ecology

GPS Standard:
SB4. Students will assess the
dependence of all organisms on one
another and the flow of energy and
matter within their ecosystem
a. Investigate the relationships
among organisms, populations,
communities , ecosystems and
biomes
Ecology:
Ecological Relationships
• Identify relationships among components in an
ecosystem
• Relate adaptations to the survival of organisms
• Explain the adaptations of an organism that
enable the organism to be successful within an
ecosystem
• Relate the stages of succession to changes in
an ecosystem after a natural disaster
• Biotic – living factors in an ecosystem
– Grass, trees, animals, insects
• Abiotic – nonliving factors in an
ecosystem
– Rocks, soil, water, air, minerals
Abiotic factors often determine the Biotic
factors in a community
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
• A single individual of a particular
species
• What defines a group as a species?
Organisms so similar to one another
that they can breed and produce
SPECIES
fertile offspring = _____________
http://suedafrika.net/bluegifs/twooryx.jpg
http://environnement.ecoles.free.fr/Site-chevaux/images/etalon_quarter_horse_genuine_redskin.jpg
http://www.caribbeanart.com/art/j-portrait-donkey.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule
EX: Horse X donkey = mule
64 chromosomes
62 chromosomes
63 chromosomes
Horses and donkeys are different species.
If you breed them, the result is a mule
which can NOT have offspring!
Population
• A group of organisms of one species
that interbreed and live in the same
place.
Community
• A collection of interacting populations.
Ecosystem
• A community and all of the physical
surroundings, or abiotic factors, that affect
that community.
Biome
• Group of ecosystems that have the
same climate and similar climax
communities.
The scientific study of interactions of
organisms with each other and with
their environment =
ECOLOGY
______________
The portion of the planet in which all
life exists = _________________
BIOSPHERE
(includes land, water, atmosphere)
Extends from about
8 km above the Earth’s surface
to 11 km below the ocean’s surface
http://jaeger.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/Images/Topographic/Whole_Earth/Earth_100.jpg
Every organism in an Ecosystem has a job or
role. It’s NICHE.
The place where an organism lives is its
HABITAT
http://www.electricwomen.com/hunterspoint/images/21-street-sign-moreell.jpg
HABITAT vs NICHE?
Habitat is like an
organism’s
address
____________
Niche is like an
organism’s ______________
OCCUPATION
http://resmedicinae.sourceforge.net/logos/doctor.png
http://www.michcampgrounds.com/yogibears/yogi-picnic-cartoon.jpg
http://www.formaui.org/kamalii/critters.htm
Section 2.2
GPS Standard:
SB4. Students will assess the dependence of
all organisms on one another and the flow of
energy and matter within their ecosystem
b. Explain the flow of matter and energy
through ecosystems by
*Arranging components of a food
chain according to energy flow
* Comparing the quantity of energy
in the steps of an energy pyramid
Ecology:
Transfer of Matter and Energy
• Recognize the role of an organism within a food
chain or food web
• Analyze the transfer of energy and matter
through an ecosystem
• Explain the concept of an ecosystem in terms of
its components and the flow of matter and
energy through the system
• Construct food chains and webs, based on the
position of an organism within an ecosystem
ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
The Earth is SOLAR POWERED!
SUNLIGHT
_____________
is the main
source of energy for life on
Earth.
http://www.animation-station.com/smileys/index.php?page=17
ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
AUTOTROPHS = PRODUCERS
Can make their own food
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Most autotrophs use _______________
to capture solar energy
Main producers on land
= green plants
In water = algae
BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
CONSUMERS
HETEROTROPHS = ____________
Get energy from consuming other
organisms
http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS
HERBIVORES =
________________
eat only plants
CARNIVORES =
________________
eat only animals
OMNIVORES
________________
=
eat both plants & animals
http://gallery.hd.org/_exhibits/natural-science/_more2003/_more09/elephant-eating-greenery-in-Addo-Park-Eastern-Cape-South-Africa-2-WL.jpg
http://personal.ecu.edu/wuenschk/rabbit-wolf.gif
http://www.rodsguide.com/bears/eating.jpg
HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS
DETRITIVORES =
________________
feed on plant & animal remains
EX: mites, earthworms,
snails, crabs
DECOMPOSERS =
________________
break down and absorb
organic matter
EX: bacteria & fungi
http://montereybayphotos.com/images/nature/2.jpg
http://www.fwnp.com/bracket-fungi.htm
Energy flows through an ecosystem in a
series of steps in which organisms transfer
energy by being eaten
________________
CONSUMERS
(Heterotrophs)
↑
↑
_________________
PRODUCERS
(Autotrophs)
FOOD CHAIN
= _________________
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/foodchain.jpg
Energy Flow in An Ecosystem
• Food chain – chain of energy movement from
organism to organism
**Arrows show the
flow of energy
Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
In most
ecosystems
feeding
relationships
are more
complex
A ______________
links ALL the food chains in
FOOD WEB
an ecosystem together.
Each step in a food
chain or web =
_______________
TROPHIC LEVEL
______________
PRODUCERS
ALWAYS
make up the
________
FIRST
trophic level.
http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll
Lower levels must be
bigger to support the
level above.
10% of
Only about_____
the energy from
each level is passed
on.
http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll
Some energy is used
for life processes
such as growth,
development,
movement,
metabolism,
transport, and
reproduction.
The rest is
HEAT
lost as ________
http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll
• Cut out your organisms.
• Organize them into a food web on your piece
of construction paper.
• Check your web with me before you glue it.
• Label trophic levels, producers, primary
consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary
consumers.
• Draw arrows to show the flow of energy.
• Label each consumer as carnivore,
herbivore, omnivore, or scavenger. You must
have at least one omnivore in your web.
• When you finish work on the worksheet from
yesterday that is due today..
• Symbiosis – the interactions of organisms
in an ecosystem
– Predator/Prey – one kills and one is eaten
– Commensalism – one benefits,one is not
affected.
– Mutualism – both benefits
– Parasitism – one benefits and one is harmed
– Competition – when two or more organisms
use one resource