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Missionary Mercenaries By: Shelby Creeley & Shae Orman The Crusades The Crusades were a series of religious driven conquests waged by Christian Europe against opponent’s around the “Holy Land” but mostly against the Muslim’s. Crusaders took a vow to grant them indulgence relinquishing past sins. Some of the crusades were diverted against other Christians (such as the sacking of Constantinople) due to internal struggles. The Crusades: 1. First Crusade 2. Second Crusade 3. Third Crusade 4. Fourth Crusade 5. Albigensian Crusade 6. Children’s Crusade 7. Fifth Crusade 8. Sixth Crusade 9. Seventh Crusade 10. Eighth Crusade 11. Ninth Crusade And many more that will not be mentioned… First Crusade 1095-1099 Ambassadors sent by Byzantine Emperor Alexius I sent for help to defeat the Seljuk Turks. Pope Urban II sent out for all Christians to go to war, promising those who died would obtain immediate remission of their sins. For the first decade, the Crusaders pursued a policy of terror against Muslims and Jews that included mass executions, the throwing of severed heads over besieged cities walls, exhibition and mutilation of naked cadavers, and even cannibalism, as was recorded after the Siege of Maarat. (Picture above.) Antioch fell to the Franks in 1098 after a lengthy siege. The second half was the siege of Jerusalem, they won it. Second Crusade 1147–1149 After a rather short period of peace, but then the Muslim’s conquered Edessa. A new crusade, aided by the Portuguese, retook Lisbon in 1147. The others bits of the crusade other two thirds of the crusade (Wendish and Rhineland) failed though. In 1187 Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, recaptured Jerusalem. The Muslim’s held the city at ransom from the Frank’s, but left the churches and temples in one piece. Angry at the Egyptians actions, Pope Gregory VIII called for another Crusade. After reaching port, Richard the Lionheart promised to leave noncombatants unharmed if the city of Acre surrendered. The brutality of an outnumbered army in a hostile land could be seen again when the city surrendered and Richard proceeded to massacre everyone, despite his earlier promise. From the Frankish point of view, an oath made to a non-Christian was no oath at all. Philip left, in 1191, after the Crusaders had recaptured Acre from the Muslims They defeated the Muslims near Arsurf, recaptured the port city of Jaffa, and were in sight of Jerusalem. Richard didn’t believe the crusaders would be able to hold Jerusalem once it was captured, as most of the Crusaders returned to Europe, and the crusade ended without the taking of Jerusalem. Richard left the following year after negotiating a treaty with Saladin. The treaty allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to make pilgrimages to the Holy Land, though it remained under Muslim control. In 1202 Pope Innocent III Initiated the Fourth Crusade with the intention of invading Jerusalem through Egypt. They lacked the necessary money, arms, and other miscellaneous materials, and tried to get it from Constantinople. A series of problem broke out, and the crusaders ended up sacking Constantinople in 1204. So, they never got to Jerusalem, but they did conquer something. Albigensian Crusade •The Albigensian Crusade was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical Cathars of Occitania (the south of modern-day France). •It took about a decade of struggling. •In the end, both the Cathars and the independence of Southern France were exterminated. Children’s Crusade 1212 Possibly Fictitious. An outburst of sudden enthusiasm created a gathering of children in France and Germany, which Pope Innocent III read as a sign from God to rekindle the devoutness of their unworthy elders. French were led by: Stephen German were led by: Nicholas French: 30,000 kids. German: 7,000 kids None of these “suddenly devoute” children ever reached the Holy Land. Those who didn’t return home either died of starvation or dehydration. Or, they were sold into slavery in Egypt or North Africa. Fifth Crusade 1217–1221 Austria, Hungary, and the King of Antioch combined forces to take back Jerusalem. They captured Damietta, Egypt in 1219, and attempted an attack on Cairo in 1221. They lost. An attack from Egypt drove back the Crusaders again, and created an 8-year peace agreement. The Crusade was ultimately a failure. Sixth Crusade Emperor Fredrick II was excommunicated in 1228 by Pope Gregory IX for failing to create a Crusade as he had promised. He then set sail for Brindisi, landed in Palestine, and through diplomacy delivered Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem to Christian forces after ten years of work. In 1229, after failing to conquer Egypt, Fredrick II he made a treay with the Sultan of Egypt. The treaty allowed Chritians to rule over most of Jerusalem, and Muslim’s over the Dome of Rock. Seventh Crusade 1248 – 1254 The crusaders were drawn into battle at La Forbie in Gaza. The Crusaders and their mercenaries were easily defeated within forty-eight hours. Although this caused no allover protest in Europe (as the fall of Jerusalem in 1187 had), Louis IX (King of France) organized another crusade against Egypt. It was another failure. Eighth Crusade 1270 The eighth Crusade was organized by in 1270 Louis IX , initially to come to the aid of the remnants of the crusader states in Syria. However, the crusade was diverted to Tunis, where Louis spent only two months before dying. Obviously that’s as far as it got. Ninth Crusade Ninth Crusade Edward I took on an expedition against Baibars, after having accompanied Louis on the Eighth Crusade. Louis died in Tunisia. The Ninth Crusade was deemed a failure and ended the Crusades in the Middle East. In their later years, the Crusaders faced with the threat of the Egyptian Mamluks. Although the Mongols successfully attacked Damascus, contact with the Crusaders was often cut off. The Mamluks eventually made good their pledge to cleanse the entire Middle East of the Franks. With this final campaign, the Christians unable to leave the cities were massacred or enslaved and the last traces of Christian rule in the Levant disappeared. What’s the Point? Rule 1: Follower’s of missionary religions, especially widespread ones, will attempt to conquer (for the sake of conversion) any area ruled by a different religion. Rule 2: Any rule, even one set by a God, can be changed to suit the needs at the time. (Though how they justify massacre’s and cannibalism, no one can tell.) Credit’s Information from: "Crusades." Wikipedia. 17 November 2008. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. 17 Nov 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Crusade>. Bréhier, Louis. "Crusades." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 17 Nov. 2008 <http://www.newadvent.org/cath en/04543c.htm>. Picture’s from: www.google.com