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Background
• Based on the idea of a
holy war against the
infidel, or unbeliever.
• Directed against
Muslims.
• Pope Urban II called
for the liberation of
Jerusalem and the
Holy Land of Palestine
from the Muslims.
Background Continued
• Pope promised
remission of sins and
land grants along with
the promise of fame and
fortune.
• “ All who die by the
way, whether by land or
by sea, or in battle
against the pagans, shall
have remission of sins.”
Goals of the Crusade
• The Crusades had economic, social, and political
goals as well as religious motives.
• Muslims had control of Palestine and threatened
Constantinople.
• Offered kings & the Church both an opportunity to
rid of quarrelsome knights who fought each other.
• Younger sons were seeking land and fame.
• Merchants made money by funding the Crusades.
The First Crusade
• What started as a minor
call for aid quickly
turned into a wholesale
migration and conquest
of territory outside of
Europe.
• Most of the Crusader
were French, but came
from all parts of Europe.
• The Crusaders were illprepared for war and
only 12,000 out of 48,000
made it to Jerusalem.
• Knights and peasants
traveled over land and by
sea towards Jerusalem and
captured the city in July
1099, establishing the
Kingdom of Jerusalem and
the other Crusader states.
• The first Crusade was the
only crusade—in contrast
to the many that followed—
to achieve its stated goal.
The Second Crusade
• The Second Crusade
was announced by
Pope Eugenius III,
and was the first of the
crusades to be led by
European kings,
namely Louis VII of
France and Conrad of
III of Germany.
Second Crusade Cont.
• The armies of the two kings
marched separately across
Europe.
• Both armies were separately
defeated by the Seljuk Turks.
• The crusade in the east was a
failure for the crusaders and a
great victory for the Muslims.
• It would ultimately lead to the
fall of Jerusalem to the Muslim
leader Saladin in 1187.
The Third Crusade Cont.
• Three important leaders led their forces into the
East.
• Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany.
• Richard I the Lionhearted of England.
• Phillip II Augustus King of France.
• Lack of leadership and organization led to its
failure.
• Richard negotiated a settlement in which Saladin
agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to
Jerusalem.