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The Crusades
Islam, Byzantium and the Church
Crusades of the 11th and 12th
 Strengthened the papal claim to
leadership of Christian society
 The Christian warrior class as a new
nobility
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New prestige in the knightly class
Leading up to the Crusades
 Pilgrimages to the holy land
 Mid 11th Seljuk Turks, from central Asia
took control over most of middle east
 1085 they captured Jerusalem
 Byzantium appealed for help from the
west
1st Crusade 1096-1099
 1091 Byzantine emperor Alexius
Comnenus I requested aid from Pope
Urban II
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Protection from the Turks
Protection for pilgrims
 Urban speaks to crowds claiming that
“God wills it!”
 Hundreds sign up to fight
Motives for the Crusaders
 Personal Wealth
 Christian Obligation
 Dreams of Adventure
 The pope hoped to extend his influence
over the east
Jerusalem
 Crusaders reached Jerusalem in the
spring of 1999
 Godfrey of Bouillon broke through the
city walls
 Crusaders were merciless and
contemporary accounts say they were
wading through blood up to their knees
 Thousands of Moslems and Jews were
killed
Military Orders
 1118, a group of knights stationed in Jerusalem organized
the Knights of the Temple or the Knights Templar

Headquartered on the site of Solomon’s Temple
 Started off as a group to protect the holy lands
 Eventually lost sense of original purpose, became
extremely wealthy and served as a large-scale banking
organization
 A second order – the Knights of St John, later known as
the hospitalers – founded in 1083 at the Benedictine
abbey of Amalfi
 3rd order – the Knights of St Mary of the Teutons, or
Teutonic Knights – organized in 1127 by the crusaders
from Germany
2nd Crusade – 1147-1149
 Moslems set out to drive the crusaders back into he sea
 They recaptured Edessa in 1144
 Pope Eugenius III ordered Bernard of Clairvaux to call a
crusade
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Spoke to a large group of knights: “forgiveness of sins
and absolution we grant…so that he who has devoutly
undertaken so holy a journey and finished it or died
there shall obtain absolution for all his sins”
King Louis VII of France and Holy Roman Emperor
Conrad II responded to the call
 The siege failed and Edessa remained in Moslem control
3rd Crusade – 1189-1192
 The gifted leader Saladin conquered Iraq, Syria and
Egypt so he surrounded the crusaders on 3 sides
 In 1187 he invaded and recaptured Jerusalem, defeated
the crusaders and captured King Guy of Lusignon
 Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire, Phillip
Augustus of France, and Richard the Lionhearted of
England took on the crusade
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Frederick drowned in a river and his army went home
Phillip and Richard got into a beef in Sicily and again in
palatine and Philip went home
Richard fought but lost and made an arrangement with
Saladin that Christians could still visit the Holy Land
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On his way home, Dickie was taken prisoner by Leopold
of Austria, whom he had insulted during the war
England had to pay a ransom
4th Crusade – 1202-1204
 Pope Innocent III called a new crusade
 Several thousand French knights responded and met in
Venice
 Crusaders didn’t have money to pay for the voyage
 The Doge offered to pay if the crusaders would capture
Zara, a trade rival in the Adriatic

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The crusaders did so but were in trouble with the Pope
because Zara was a Catholic city
They went on to attack Constantinople which fell
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It had never fallen before major disaster for all involved
Latin Kingdom only lasted until 1261 when Byzantine
empire got it back only to fall to Ottoman Turks in 1453
This embittered relationship between east and west
churches
Later Crusades
 By 1217 Italian cities were fighting for trade routes
 5th crusade- invasion of Egypt did nothing and they all
came home
 6th crusade- Emperor Frederick II negotiated without
fighting to gain some control in the Holy Lands
 7th Crusade- 25 year old King of France Louis IX took up
the cause but was not supported by fellow monarchs
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He was taken captive and ransomed by the Moslems in
1254
He tried again in 1270 but died
 In the End, the holy land remained in Moslem control
Results
 Introducing thousands of Europeans to the
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larger world
Increased trade between Europe and the
eastern Mediterranean
Awestruck by luxuries and advanced
civilizations
Increased the pace of economic changes – new
systems of money, credit, and banking
practiced were introduced
Growth of shipping put Italy back on top