Download Crusades

East Meets West
The Crusades
Role of Church in Middle Ages
• Never was there a
time when the
Church was so
powerful in Western
Civilization.
• The Church was led
by popes. Priests and
nuns converted, gave
care to people
Role of Church
• Monks were spiritual
leaders (obviously)
• They lived in
monasteries that
acted like trade
schools and YMCAs
Role of Church
• They spent years
transcribing the
Bible since the
printing press wasn’t
used in Europe yet.
Churches and Cathedrals during
the Middle Ages
Crusade
• The word “crusade”
comes from the Spanish
cruzade which means
“marked with the cross”
– Crusaders wore red
crosses on their chests to
symbolize their purpose
Many Europeans
Joined the
Crusades. Some
joined for the
promise of Heaven.
Others joined
hoping for wealth.
E. Napp
The Crusades: Causes
European Expansionism
 Conversion of Vikings and Magyars removes
pressure on Europe
 Agricultural advances increase food supply
 Battle of Hastings, 1066
 Capture of Toledo from Moslems, 1087
 Capture of Sicily from Moslems, 1091
Europe 1000-1100
The Crusades: Causes
Roman-Byzantine Rivalry
 Great Schism, 1064
 Cluniac (Benedictine) Reform causes church in
West to be more attentive to business and
provides impetus to attempts to reassert control
The Crusades: Causes
Events in Moslem World
 Battle of Manzikert, 1071.
 Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks.
 Loss foreshadows eventual end of
Byzantine Empire.
 Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic.
Call for a Crusade
 Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095
 Objectives:
 Drive Turks from Anatolia
 Obligate the Byzantines
 Provide occasion for healing
Great Schism on Rome's terms
 Capture Holy Land
Knights
• The establishment of new orders
of military monks partially offset
these weaknesses
• The Knights of the Hospital of
Saint John and the Knights
Templar began by protecting and
nursing pilgrims but gravitated to
active attacks on Moslem
strongholds
• Both orders would come to play
prominent roles in the battles of
the Crusades and earned great
reputations as warriors
Seal of the Knights
Templar
Why was Constantinople so
important geographically?
The Arab World
The Arab world was relatively peaceful and civilized at the time.
•An Arab gentleman was expected to be a…
• poet
•philosopher
•and a warrior.
•Jerusalem itself was a multicultural city.
•Jews, Muslims and Christians all lived together harmoniously.
•Christians on pilgrimages to Jerusalem were freely allowed across to
the Holy Places
•When the Crusades arrived in Northern Turkey, the carnage began.
•Lycea was captured and looted.
•babies cut to pieces;
•old people were tortured.
•Unfortunately, most of the inhabitants of Lycea were actually
Christians…
Major Events of Crusades
 I Crusade 1097-1098
 Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land
 Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated
 Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been
held indefinitely with a little skill.
 Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.
 Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors
The First Crusade
• Administrative rule of Jerusalem
proved problematic
• Eventually the kingdom was parceled
into practically independent fiefs and
barons assumed all ownership of land,
reducing the former owners to the
condition of serfs
• The kingdom was further weakened by
the ceding of several ports to the Italian
city-states in exchange for naval
support and seaborne supplies
• The native Christian population came
to look back on the era of Moslem rule
as a golden age
Godfrey served as the first
ruler of Jerusalem
Major Events of Crusades
 II Crusade, 1147-1148
 Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military
threat
 III Crusade, 1189-1191
 Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)
 Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of
France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire
 Saladin on Moslem side.
Saladin
• In 1175, Saladin brought Egypt
and Moslem Syria under one rule
• In 1185, he signed a four-year
truce with the Latin kingdom but
the Christians violated it by
attacking a Moslem caravan and
capturing Saladin’s sister
• He declared a holy war against
the Christians and captured
Jerusalem in 1187
– His terms were much more
generous than those of the
Crusaders in 1099
Saladin: one of the few
Crusade personalities generally
described favorably by both
Eastern and Western sources
Major Events of Crusades
IV Crusade, 1199-1204
 Western-Greek relations always strained,
mutual contempt.
 To finance crusade, Crusaders work for
Venetians
 Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204
 Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.
 In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines
preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.
Major Events of Crusades
• V Crusade
1218-1219
– Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem
– Moslems agree
– Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, are routed
• VI Crusade
1229
– Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of
negotiation
– Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other
holy cities and a truce of ten years
– He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade
by negotiating rather than fighting.
Major Events of Crusades
• VII Crusade
1248-1254
– Led by Louis IX of France
– Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
• VIII Crusade
1270
– Led by Louis IX of France
– Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had
strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to
Tunisia, where Louis died.
– The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine
fell in 1291
– One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.
Crusades died out
 Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
 Repeated military defeats
 Discredited by "crusades" against Christians
Impact of Crusades
 Fatal weakening of Byzantine
Empire
 Vast increase in cultural horizons for
many Europeans.
 Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
 Need to transfer large sums of
money for troops and supplies led to
development of banking techniques.
 Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of
arms
 Romantic and imaginative literature.
Impact of Crusades
 Knowledge introduced to Europe
 Heavy stone masonry, construction
of castles and stone churches.
 Siege technology, tunneling,
sapping.
 Moslem minarets adopted as church
spires
 Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant
classes
 Enrichment was primarily from East to
West--Europe had little to give in return.
Results of the Crusades
• Failures
– Muslim civilization had been victorious over Christian
civilization
– Indigenous eastern Christians were caught in the middle
between Crusaders and Muslims, and many who were
outraged by the excesses of the Crusaders or who
wanted to avoid persecution by Muslim leaders who
saw them as collaborators with the Crusaders converted
to Islam
• In fact, the Crusades ironically proved instrumental
in making the eastern Mediterranean predominantly
Muslim.
Results of the Crusades
• Successes
– Serfs had used the Crusades to leave their lands
and many found new opportunities
– The Turkish capture of Constantinople was
delayed until 1453
– The Muslims, even though victorious, had
themselves been weakened, and fell more easily
when the Mongols attacked
– Trade and exploration were enhanced
Trade
• Italian traders obviously
benefited from supplying the
Crusades while they were going
on, but they also saw an
opportunity to expand their
market by establishing direct
trade with the Muslim world
• The lucrative trade provided
great profit to the Italian citystates and ultimately provided
the economic basis for the
Italian Renaissance we’ll
discuss in Lesson 24
Lorenzo de Medici was part of a
family that ruled Florence and
served as bankers for the Crusades
and patrons of the Renaissance
Trade
• The most important trade
item were spices
– Other items included cotton,
linen, dates, coral, pearls,
porcelain, silk, and metal
goods
• Damascus was a key center
for industry and commerce
and a stopping point for
pilgrims on their way to
Mecca
Egyptian scarf or garment
fragment ca 1395
Trade
• European Christians also became exposed to new ideas as
they traveled throughout the Mediterranean basin
– The works of Aristotle
– Islamic science and astronomy
– “Arabic” numerals which the Muslims had borrowed
from India
– Techniques for paper production which the Muslims
had learned from China
• While the Crusades may have largely failed as military
adventures, they helped encourage the reintegration of
western Europe into the larger economy of the western
hemisphere
The Reconquista of Spain
• The Christians did have better
success wresting Sicily and
Spain from the Muslims in
actions separate from the
Crusades
• Sicily was regained relatively
easily
– Moslems had conquered it in the
9th Century but in the 1090, after
about 20 years of fighting,
Norman warriors returned it to
Christian hands
• Spain would be a bit more of a
challenge
The Reconquista of Spain
• By 1150 Christians had recaptured Lisbon and controlled over
half the peninsula
• These successes lured reinforcements from England and France
and a new round of campaigning in the 13th Century brought all
but Granada into Christian hands
• In 1492, Christian forces conquered Granada and the
Reconquista was complete
Immediate Impact of the Reconquista
• After the successful
Reconquista, the devoutly
Christian rulers of Spain
and Portugal were eager to
dominate the Islamic states
in North Africa and to
convert non-Christians
• The desire to spread
Christianity would be one
of the motives for the
European explorations.
1492 was the year of both the
completion of the Reconquista and
Columbus’ voyage to the New World
Questions for Reflection:
• Why were Christians upset that Muslims
had gained control of the Holy Land?
• Define pilgrim.
• What is a crusade?
• Why did the Pope call for a Crusade?
• Why do historians call the Crusades “a
successful failure”?
• What was an effect E.of
the Crusades?
Napp