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The Crusades God Calls All to Take up the Cause Pope Urban II Makes the Call See this link for various versions of Pope Urban II speech that started the First Crusade and an accompanying lecture: The Holy Crusades The Crusades The First Crusade : 1096 to 1099 The Second Crusade : 1147 to 1149 The Third Crusade : 1189 to 1192 The Fourth Crusade : 1201 to 1204 The Fifth Crusade : 1218 to 1221 The Sixth Crusade : 1228 to 1229 The Seventh Crusade : 1248 to 1254 The Eighth Crusade : 1270 Military Aspects There were several Crusades but the first four are the most prominent with the First and the Third being the most famous. (see links for these on previous slide). The Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople from within. Overall the Crusades were a military failure in that the Crusading knights could not hold captured lands for any lengthy amount of time and failed to free the Holy Land from Muslim control. Later crusades were held mostly to pillage and plunder the wealthier cities of the Middle East. One of the more bizarre crusades was The Children's Crusades (1212). Results Of The Crusades Broadened European’s Outlook Crusaders observed new ideas, powerful governments, large cities and robust trade. They brought back new tastes for Oriental goods such as silk and spices. The things they saw inspired new ideas about towns and trade. Stimulated Towns and Trade Increased European demand for Oriental goods. Trade grew from this demand and towns grew due to this new trade. Money came back into use again. Strengthened The Kings Many feudal lords went on Crusade and many were killed or bankrupted by funding these Crusades. The new merchant class and townspeople who were arising supported the kings because they gave them town charters that removed them from feudal dues. Instead the towns gave the kings taxes that allowed them to rearm and gain their power back. Weakened Serfdom Some serfs went on Crusades and gained their freedom or escaped. Many serfs now escaped to the new towns that were popping up everywhere. Kings made laws that stated that any serf who remained free from their feudal lord for a year and a day was proclaimed a free man. Kings did this to hurt the feudal lords so the kings could regain their power. Learning Encouraged Muslims had preserved Greek and Roman learning. The Europeans cam back into contact with Greco-Roman learning when they came through the Byzantine Empire. Europeans saw Muslim universities and scholars which later sparked the rebirth of learning in Italy (the Renaissance.) Long Range Impact See this Flow Chart Impact of Crusades on Late Medieval Europe