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ANCIENT GREECE
an Overview
Stankiewicz
World Studies
“Whatever the Greeks have
acquired from foreigners, they
have turned into something finer.”
- Plato
Ancient Greeks
• Absorbed many ideas and beliefs from
older civilizations
• Own ideas evolved
-- Particularly how to govern a society
Essential Questions 1
• How did geography influence the way of
life in ancient Greece?
• Who were the early people of the Aegean
and what was their influence in the
development of Greek civilization?
• What kind of government did the Greeks
develop?
• What was life like in Sparta and Athens?
Essential Questions 2
• What were the results of the Persian and
Peloponnesian wars?
• What were the political and ethical ideas
developed by the great Greek
philosophers?
• Who was Alexander the Great and what
where his major accomplishments?
The Geography of Greece
• To understand Greek
culture you have to
understand its
geography
• Geographic
conditions influenced
the rise of Greek
civilization
The Geography of Greece 2
• Greece is part of the
Balkan peninsula
• Mountains divide the
peninsula into
isolated valleys
• Many Islands
Geography of Greece 3
• Geography led to development of isolation
and city-states
• Oceans became vital link to outside world
– Coastline good harbors
– Greeks became adept at trade
Geography of Greece 4
Geography of Greece 5
• Lack of fertile land and overcrowding lead
to Greeks to travel and colonize
• Brought culture throughout the known
world
• Cultural diffusion
• Greeks have influenced virtually every
western and middle eastern culture
Geography of Greece 6
• The sea
– Aegean and
Mediterranean Seas
as important to Greek
civilization as Nile was
to Egypt
• “We live around the
sea like frogs around
a pond” - Plato
Geography Effects development of
Greek Civilization
• Greeks did not create large empires like
Egypt, Mesopotamia or China
• Instead
– Many small city states
• Isolated
• Hundreds of bays
• Skilled sailors
Greek City States
• Greeks have
strong loyalty
to city states
• Fiercely
defended
independence
• Led to many
wars between
the Greeks
• Later Greece
is conquered
from outside
Greek City States
• Polis
– City built on
two levels
• Hilltop is the
acropolis
– High city
– Temples
– Bottom city is
regular city
– Marketplace,
homes
outside of
walled city
Greek City States
• Most city states in ancient Greece had
small populations
• Freemen
• Slaves outnumber
Early people of the Aegean
• Early Greek legend
states Crete was the
cradle of early Greek
civilization
• We don’t know very
much about the
people there
• British Archeologists
called them Minoans
Minoans
•
•
•
•
•
Success based on trade
Had contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia
Disappeared around 1400 BC
Atlantis????????
Next are the Mycenaean civilization
Mycenaean Civilization
• 1st Greek speaking people for which we
have a record
• Conquered most of mainland Greece
before taking over Crete
– Also traders
– Reached most lands in Mediterranean
– Developed city states
– Best remembered for Trojan War
Mycenaean Civilization
Trojan War (Briefly)
• The Trojan War was the greatest conflict in the
Greek mythology, a war that was to influences
people in literature and arts for centuries.
• The war was fought between the Greeks and
Trojans with their allies, upon a Phrygian city of
Troy (Ilium), on Asia Minor (modern Turkey).
• The war lasted for ten years and it has been
traditionally dated from 1194 to 1184 BC.
Trojan War (Briefly)
• Greek legend states Helen (a Greek
princess) was kidnapped by Paris (Troy)
• Greeks led by Achilles attempted to get
her back
• Could not scale the walls of Troy
• Eventually built the Trojan Horse
Trojan Horse
• Greeks hid in horse
• At night left the horse,
opened tha gates of Troy,
Greek army came in and
destroyed city
• Burned Troy to the
grounds
• Thought to be a legend
for hundreds of years
Trojan War
Trojan War
• Heinrich Schliemann
decided to prove
there was a Troy
• He discovered it in
1870s
• Found evidence
• Most information on
Troy is part of legend
Troy in Literature
• The Iliad was the most famous epic poems of
the Trojan War, set on the ninth year of the war.
• The Iliad was composed by little known author
named Homer, who probably lived in the 9th-8th
century BC.
• It was not even certain if there was anyone
named Homer, or that the two poems were
written by the same person.
• However, the Iliad influenced many writers
throughout the centuries with its heroic and
timeless themes.
Troy in Literature
• Odyssey, also tells the story of Troy
• Tells of struggles of Odysseus after the fall
of Troy and the adventures he has.
• Both Iliad and Odyssey tell about Greek
values of honor, courage, eloquence and
determination
• Supposedly written by Homer
• Blind poet
Early Greek Governments 1
• 1st King-run monarchies
• Then power to landowners who became
the aristocracy
• As trade expanded
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Middle class challenged the land owners
for power
• Result is an ________________!
Early Greek Governments 1
•
•
•
•
•
Oligarchy
Power in the hands of a ______________
Powerful elite
______________________
Not always royalty
Life in Sparta and Athens
• Sparta and Athens
• Two
_________________
_________________
• Very different in
_________________
Sparta: Soldier Nation 1
• Sparta
– Known for fierce ___________________
– Strict ____________________________
– Valued __________________________
– Citizenship very limited
Sparta: Soldier Nation 2
•
•
•
•
Citizens
_______________________________
Native born
_______________________________
Sparta: Soldier Nation 3
• Spartan Government
– Two kings
– ____________________________________
– Assembly of citizens
Sparta: Soldier Nation 4
•
•
•
•
All members trained for a rigorous life
____________________________________
No time for ___________________________
Forbade citizens to travel, looked down on
wealth
• Role of Women
• Produce
_________________
• Keep body strong for
role
• Role of Men
• ______________________
______________________
______________________
• Rigid discipline
• Could marry at ___ but had
to live in barracks until 30
Athens – Limited Democracy
•
•
•
•
•
North of Sparta
Traded with neighbors
Not rigid like Sparta
Valued the _________________________
Government was ____________________
in many ways
Democracy – Athenian Greek
Style 1
• __________________________________
means government by the people
• People make decisions
• __________________________________
quite different than what we know of today
Democracy – Athenian Greek
Style
• Athenian democracy is limited
• Only ________ citizens could participate
– No __________________
•
•
•
•
Had to be citizens
__________________________________
Most people in Athens were not citizens
________ out populated freemen and had
no rights
Role of Men and Women in Athens
•
•
•
•
Role of men
Could be citizens
Education valued
Boys sent to school if
families could afford it
• Public speaking and
debate valued
• ___________ training
• Athens encouraged
young men to explore
learning and new ideas
• Role of women
• Not citizens
• Normally not
educated
• _________________
Women in Greek (Athenian)
Society 1
• No rights
• ___________________
• Women are _____________
beings who lack the ability to
______________ like men
• “The man is by nature, fitter
for command than the
female, just as a older
person is superior to a
younger, more immature
person”
Women in Greek (Athenian)
Society 2
• Women led a
secluded protected
life
• _________________
_________________
• Care for children
• Received very little
education
• ____citizens received
much education
Greek Wars with Persia (Iran)
• By 500BC Athens is the strongest Greek
city state
• __________________________ threatens
• Persia had conquered most of
__________________________________
Persia threatens Greek City
States
Green – Greek City States
Orange - Persian Empire
Red - Ionian Greeks under Persian control
Persia threatens Greek City
States
• ________ States
rebel against
Persia in 499 BC
• Athens sent help
• ______________
crushed Ionians
quickly
• Wanted to punish
and subdue the
______________
Ionian
Greek
citystates
Persian Attack Athens
• 490 BC a large Persian army landed at
______________________________
– North of Athens
• Persians outnumbered the Athenians ____
• Despite this Athenians attacked
– Drove the Persians back,
__________________________________
– Great victory, albeit temporary
– Persians still a tremendous threat
Battle of Marathon
Persians Don’t Give Up
• Athens cannot fight
alone
• _________________
_________________
_________________
Thermopylae Pass
• ____ Spartans hold
off entire Persian
army until rest of
Greek army could get
away and reorganize
• Spartan King
_______________
among the dead
End of Persian War
• _____________ burned but army and fleet
get away
• Greeks defeat Persians eventually
• 479BC
• Greeks overcame terrible odds to win
• _________________________________
Peloponnesian War 1
• Athens had become the most powerful
Greek city state and other city states
___________________ that
– Especially Sparta
• Sparta formed the
__________________________________
to counter Athens which had allies in what
was called the ______________________
Peloponnesian War 2
• Delian League – ______________ among
allies
• Peloponnesian League – _____________
- Power in the hands of a ___________
group
Peloponnesian War 3
• Athens at a geographic _______________
• Sparta
__________________________________
_____ from the sea
• Athens could be attacked from
________________
Peloponnesian War 4
• Sparta attacked Athens
• Athens had its people from surrounding
countryside enter the city
• Sparta ________________ Athens
• Plague in Athens killed over ________ of
population
• ________________________________
Peloponnesian War 5
•
•
•
•
•
Finally Athens fell
Athenian greatness over
Chaos in all Greece
Sparta fell to Thebes
Macedonia (Northern Greek Peninsula)
becomes powerful and looks at the Greekcity states as ripe to fall
Great Greek Philosophers
•
Socrates
– 469 BC to 399 BC
•
Plato
– 424/423 BC to 348/347 BC
•
Aristotle
– 384 BC – 322 BC
•
Homer
– c. 800 BC (?) – c. 750 BC (?)
Socrates
• The unexamined life is not worth living.”
• Encouraged people to examine their
deepest beliefs and ideas
• Developed “Socratic Method”
– Question and seek truth
Socrates
• Made a lot of powerful politicians angry
• Put on trial for
_________________________ and
__________________________________
• Found __________________________
• Friends told him to leave
Socrates
• Accepted his
punishment
• Drank ___________
(poison)
• Plato called him “The
wisest, justest, and
best of all I have ever
known
Plato
• Emphasized the
____________________
• Wrote,
“___________________”
• Felt state should
________________
every aspect of a citizen’s
life to provide for their
best interests
Plato
• Divided society into three classes
• __________________
– Produce the necessities of the state
• ____________________________
– Defend the state
• _____________________________
– Rule the state
Plato and Women
• Some could rule
• __________________________________
• Really talented women could be
__________________________________
__________________________________
Plato and Aristotle
• Plato’s most famous
student was Aristotle
• Aristotle analyzed all
types of governments
– Found good and bad
in each
– Favored rule by a
__________________
__________________
Aristotle
• Set up a school, the Lyceum
– Studied all branches of knowledge
• Became a teacher of
__________________________________
Homer
• Homer is the man who, according to
legend, wrote the two great epics of Greek
history: the Iliad (the tale of and the Trojan
War) and the Odyssey (about the travels
of Odysseus
• Both books are considered landmarks in
human literature
Homer
• Details of Homer's life are a mystery
• Some scholars believe that no such man ever
existed, and that the works credited to him were
actually told and gathered by many people over
many centuries
• Other stories give various birthplaces and ages
for Homer and suggest he was a wandering poet
or minstrel
• Homer is usually said to have been blind, a point
on which nearly all the legends agree
Homer
• Homer
Not Homer
• Homer Alaska
• Homer from Home
depot
• Homer Simpson
Alexander the Great and His Major
Accomplishments
• Lived years 356-323 BC
• ____________________
that conquered the
___________________
empire and annexed it to
Macedonia,
• Considered one of the
greatest military geniuses
of all times.
• First king to be called "the
Great."
Alexander the Great
Early Years
• Born in Pella, the ancient
capital of Macedonia
• Son of Philip, King of
Macedonia and Olympia,
a princess of Epirus
• When he was 13, his
parents hired Aristotle to
be his personal tutor
• ____________________
____________________
Alexander the Great
Early Years
• Philip
________________in
336 BC
• Alexander now ruler
• Disposed of enemies
by _______________
• Unified Greece under
his rule
Alexander the Great vs Persia 1
• Alexander began his war against Persia in the
spring of 334 BC by crossing the Hellespont
(modern Dardanelles) with an army of 35,000
Macedonians and 7,600 Greeks
• The Macedonian army encountered the Persian
army under _____________________ near the
ancient city of Troy.
• Alexander's forces defeated the enemy (totaling
40,000 men) and, according to tradition,
______________________________________
Alexander the Great vs Persia 1
• in November of 333 BC, Alexander met
Darius in battle for the second time in
Syria
• Persian army greatly outnumbered the
Macedonians, the narrow field of battle
allowed Alexander to defeat the Persians.
• The _______________________ ended in
a great victory for Alexander
Alexander Defeating Darius at Battle of Issus
Darius
Alexander
Alexander in Egypt
• Alexander entered
Egypt in 331 BC
• Ordered a city to be
designed and
founded in his name
at the mouth of the
river Nile
• Made ___________
voluntarily by the
Egyptians
l
Lighthouse
in ancient
Alexandria
Alexander vs Persia Again 1
• Darius offered a truce with Alexander with
a gift of several western provinces of the
Persian Empire
• Alexander refused to make peace unless
__________________________________
• In the middle of 331 BC Alexander
marched back to Persia to find Darius
Alexander vs Persia Again 2
• Went after Darius with an army of less than ____
• Met a vastly numerically superior Persian Army
at Gaugamela (near modern Irbil, Iraq)
• Armies met on the battlefield the next morning
on October 1, 331 BC
• ____________________________________
army and Darius fled
• Darius was later killed by his own men
Alexander in Persia
• Alexander was proclaimed ____________
• To win the support of the Persian
aristocracy he appointed mainly
__________________________________
Alexander in India
• Alexander won several other battles until
his empire stretched from
__________________________________
• Included Egypt
Alexander's Empire at its Greatest Height
Alexander’s Death
• We will probably never know the truth, of
Alexander's mysterious death
• Died at the _______, on June 10, 323 BC
• Three days earlier, on the 7th of June, 323
BC, the Macedonians were allowed to file
past their leader for the last time before he
finally succumbed to the illness
• Alexander died without designating a
successor
Summary
• How did geography influence the way of
life in ancient Greece?
• Who were the early people of the Aegean
and what was their influence in the
development of Greek civilization?
• What kind of government did the Greeks
develop?
• What was life like in Sparta and Athens?
Summary
• What were the results of the Persian and
Peloponnesian wars?
• What were the political and ethical ideas
developed by the great Greek
philosophers?
• Who was Alexander the Great and what
where his major accomplishments?
Resources
• Websites
• http://faq.macedonia.org/history/alexander.
the.great.html
• http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphi
cs/alexanderempiremap_large.jpg
• http://www.answers.com/topic/gaugamela
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Issus
• http://www.answers.com/topic/homer
Resources 2
•
•
•
•
•
Websites
http://www.answers.com/topic/homer
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/socrates.ht
m
• http://history.missouristate.edu/jchuchiak/Webpa
ge%20Images/10029246aBattle%20of%20Mara
thon.jpg
• http://www.answers.com/topic/marathon-battle-of
Resources 3
• Textbook
• _____________ , World History:
Connections To Today Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Simon & Schuster Education
Group, 1997