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Chapter 4: Greece and Iran, 1000-30 BC 1. Introduction a. All people view their own customs as natural and culturally superior b. The Persian Empire brought diverse peoples together c. Beginnings of East-West conflict 2. Ancient Iran a. Geography and resources i. Harsh conditions ii. Developed irrigation in first millennium BC iii. Mineral resources exploited minimally b. The rise of the First Persian Empire i. Migration and conquest ii. Shift in power from Medes to Persians and patrilineal society iii. The rule of Cyrus iv. Cambyses and Darius c. Imperial organization and ideology i. Empire divided into twenty provinces, each led by a satrap ii. The royal family iii. Administration of empire iv. Connection between Zoroastrianism and Persian rule 3. The Rise of the Greeks a. Geography and resources i. The Mediterranean ii. The Aegean Sea, islands and rivers iii. Factors that drew the Greeks to the Sea b. The emergence of the Polis i. The “Dark Ages” and the Phoenicians ii. The alphabet iii. Society, urban centers and warfare iv. Colonies and Greek culture v. From tyrants to oligarchy or democracy vi. Religion c. New intellectual currents i. Growing interest in the individual ii. Challenges to traditional religion iii. Historia d. Athens and Sparta i. Sparta ii. Athens iii. Democracy 4. The struggle of Persia and Greece a. Early encounters i. The Ionian revolt ii. The Persian wars iii. The Hellenic League iv. Greeks attack Persia and the formation of the Delian League b. The height of Athenian power i. Path to power ii. Navy iii. Political power and commercial interests iv. Socrates c. Inequality in classical Greece i. Who benefited from democracy? ii. Slavery iii. Women and marriage d. Failure of the city-state and triumph in the Macedonians i. The Peloponnesian War ii. Triumph of Macedonia iii. Alexander’s methods of rule 5. The Hellenistic synthesis a. Changes after the death of Alexander i. Seleucid rule ii. Ptolemic rule iii. Antigonid dynasty b. Athens and Sparta i. Stood out from these federations ii. Alexandria iii. Benefits of citizenship c. The Hellenistic states i. Indigenous population ii. New wisdom iii. New cultural and religious practices 6. Conclusion a. Profound changes b. Persian supremacy c. Alexander and Hellenism