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ANCIENT GREECE an Overview Stankiewicz World Studies “Whatever the Greeks have acquired from foreigners, they have turned into something finer.” - Plato Ancient Greeks • Absorbed many ideas and beliefs from older civilizations • Own ideas evolved -- Particularly how to govern a society Essential Questions 1 • How did geography influence the way of life in ancient Greece? • Who were the early people of the Aegean and what was their influence in the development of Greek civilization? • What kind of government did the Greeks develop? • What was life like in Sparta and Athens? Essential Questions 2 • What were the results of the Persian and Peloponnesian wars? • What were the political and ethical ideas developed by the great Greek philosophers? • Who was Alexander the Great and what where his major accomplishments? The Geography of Greece • To understand Greek culture you have to understand its geography • Geographic conditions influenced the rise of Greek civilization The Geography of Greece 2 • Greece is part of the Balkan peninsula • Mountains divide the peninsula into isolated valleys • Many Islands Geography of Greece 3 • Geography led to development of isolation and city-states • Oceans became vital link to outside world – Coastline good harbors – Greeks became adept at trade Geography of Greece 4 Geography of Greece 5 • Lack of fertile land and overcrowding lead to Greeks to travel and colonize • Brought culture throughout the known world • Cultural diffusion • Greeks have influenced virtually every western and middle eastern culture Geography of Greece 6 • The sea – Aegean and Mediterranean Seas as important to Greek civilization as Nile was to Egypt • “We live around the sea like frogs around a pond” - Plato Geography Effects development of Greek Civilization • Greeks did not create large empires like Egypt, Mesopotamia or China • Instead – Many small city states • Isolated • Hundreds of bays • Skilled sailors Greek City States • Greeks have strong loyalty to city states • Fiercely defended independence • Led to many wars between the Greeks • Later Greece is conquered from outside Greek City States • Polis – City built on two levels • Hilltop is the acropolis – High city – Temples – Bottom city is regular city – Marketplace, homes outside of walled city Greek City States • Most city states in ancient Greece had small populations • Freemen • Slaves outnumber Early people of the Aegean • Early Greek legend states Crete was the cradle of early Greek civilization • We don’t know very much about the people there • British Archeologists called them Minoans Minoans • • • • • Success based on trade Had contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia Disappeared around 1400 BC Atlantis???????? Next are the Mycenaean civilization Mycenaean Civilization • 1st Greek speaking people for which we have a record • Conquered most of mainland Greece before taking over Crete – Also traders – Reached most lands in Mediterranean – Developed city states – Best remembered for Trojan War Mycenaean Civilization Trojan War (Briefly) • The Trojan War was the greatest conflict in the Greek mythology, a war that was to influences people in literature and arts for centuries. • The war was fought between the Greeks and Trojans with their allies, upon a Phrygian city of Troy (Ilium), on Asia Minor (modern Turkey). • The war lasted for ten years and it has been traditionally dated from 1194 to 1184 BC. Trojan War (Briefly) • Greek legend states Helen (a Greek princess) was kidnapped by Paris (Troy) • Greeks led by Achilles attempted to get her back • Could not scale the walls of Troy • Eventually built the Trojan Horse Trojan Horse • Greeks hid in horse • At night left the horse, opened tha gates of Troy, Greek army came in and destroyed city • Burned Troy to the grounds • Thought to be a legend for hundreds of years Trojan War Trojan War • Heinrich Schliemann decided to prove there was a Troy • He discovered it in 1870s • Found evidence • Most information on Troy is part of legend Troy in Literature • The Iliad was the most famous epic poems of the Trojan War, set on the ninth year of the war. • The Iliad was composed by little known author named Homer, who probably lived in the 9th-8th century BC. • It was not even certain if there was anyone named Homer, or that the two poems were written by the same person. • However, the Iliad influenced many writers throughout the centuries with its heroic and timeless themes. Troy in Literature • Odyssey, also tells the story of Troy • Tells of struggles of Odysseus after the fall of Troy and the adventures he has. • Both Iliad and Odyssey tell about Greek values of honor, courage, eloquence and determination • Supposedly written by Homer • Blind poet Early Greek Governments 1 • 1st King-run monarchies • Then power to landowners who became the aristocracy • As trade expanded __________________________________ __________________________________ • Middle class challenged the land owners for power • Result is an ________________! Early Greek Governments 1 • • • • • Oligarchy Power in the hands of a ______________ Powerful elite ______________________ Not always royalty Life in Sparta and Athens • Sparta and Athens • Two _________________ _________________ • Very different in _________________ Sparta: Soldier Nation 1 • Sparta – Known for fierce ___________________ – Strict ____________________________ – Valued __________________________ – Citizenship very limited Sparta: Soldier Nation 2 • • • • Citizens _______________________________ Native born _______________________________ Sparta: Soldier Nation 3 • Spartan Government – Two kings – ____________________________________ – Assembly of citizens Sparta: Soldier Nation 4 • • • • All members trained for a rigorous life ____________________________________ No time for ___________________________ Forbade citizens to travel, looked down on wealth • Role of Women • Produce _________________ • Keep body strong for role • Role of Men • ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ • Rigid discipline • Could marry at ___ but had to live in barracks until 30 Athens – Limited Democracy • • • • • North of Sparta Traded with neighbors Not rigid like Sparta Valued the _________________________ Government was ____________________ in many ways Democracy – Athenian Greek Style 1 • __________________________________ means government by the people • People make decisions • __________________________________ quite different than what we know of today Democracy – Athenian Greek Style • Athenian democracy is limited • Only ________ citizens could participate – No __________________ • • • • Had to be citizens __________________________________ Most people in Athens were not citizens ________ out populated freemen and had no rights Role of Men and Women in Athens • • • • Role of men Could be citizens Education valued Boys sent to school if families could afford it • Public speaking and debate valued • ___________ training • Athens encouraged young men to explore learning and new ideas • Role of women • Not citizens • Normally not educated • _________________ Women in Greek (Athenian) Society 1 • No rights • ___________________ • Women are _____________ beings who lack the ability to ______________ like men • “The man is by nature, fitter for command than the female, just as a older person is superior to a younger, more immature person” Women in Greek (Athenian) Society 2 • Women led a secluded protected life • _________________ _________________ • Care for children • Received very little education • ____citizens received much education Greek Wars with Persia (Iran) • By 500BC Athens is the strongest Greek city state • __________________________ threatens • Persia had conquered most of __________________________________ Persia threatens Greek City States Green – Greek City States Orange - Persian Empire Red - Ionian Greeks under Persian control Persia threatens Greek City States • ________ States rebel against Persia in 499 BC • Athens sent help • ______________ crushed Ionians quickly • Wanted to punish and subdue the ______________ Ionian Greek citystates Persian Attack Athens • 490 BC a large Persian army landed at ______________________________ – North of Athens • Persians outnumbered the Athenians ____ • Despite this Athenians attacked – Drove the Persians back, __________________________________ – Great victory, albeit temporary – Persians still a tremendous threat Battle of Marathon Persians Don’t Give Up • Athens cannot fight alone • _________________ _________________ _________________ Thermopylae Pass • ____ Spartans hold off entire Persian army until rest of Greek army could get away and reorganize • Spartan King _______________ among the dead End of Persian War • _____________ burned but army and fleet get away • Greeks defeat Persians eventually • 479BC • Greeks overcame terrible odds to win • _________________________________ Peloponnesian War 1 • Athens had become the most powerful Greek city state and other city states ___________________ that – Especially Sparta • Sparta formed the __________________________________ to counter Athens which had allies in what was called the ______________________ Peloponnesian War 2 • Delian League – ______________ among allies • Peloponnesian League – _____________ - Power in the hands of a ___________ group Peloponnesian War 3 • Athens at a geographic _______________ • Sparta __________________________________ _____ from the sea • Athens could be attacked from ________________ Peloponnesian War 4 • Sparta attacked Athens • Athens had its people from surrounding countryside enter the city • Sparta ________________ Athens • Plague in Athens killed over ________ of population • ________________________________ Peloponnesian War 5 • • • • • Finally Athens fell Athenian greatness over Chaos in all Greece Sparta fell to Thebes Macedonia (Northern Greek Peninsula) becomes powerful and looks at the Greekcity states as ripe to fall Great Greek Philosophers • Socrates – 469 BC to 399 BC • Plato – 424/423 BC to 348/347 BC • Aristotle – 384 BC – 322 BC • Homer – c. 800 BC (?) – c. 750 BC (?) Socrates • The unexamined life is not worth living.” • Encouraged people to examine their deepest beliefs and ideas • Developed “Socratic Method” – Question and seek truth Socrates • Made a lot of powerful politicians angry • Put on trial for _________________________ and __________________________________ • Found __________________________ • Friends told him to leave Socrates • Accepted his punishment • Drank ___________ (poison) • Plato called him “The wisest, justest, and best of all I have ever known Plato • Emphasized the ____________________ • Wrote, “___________________” • Felt state should ________________ every aspect of a citizen’s life to provide for their best interests Plato • Divided society into three classes • __________________ – Produce the necessities of the state • ____________________________ – Defend the state • _____________________________ – Rule the state Plato and Women • Some could rule • __________________________________ • Really talented women could be __________________________________ __________________________________ Plato and Aristotle • Plato’s most famous student was Aristotle • Aristotle analyzed all types of governments – Found good and bad in each – Favored rule by a __________________ __________________ Aristotle • Set up a school, the Lyceum – Studied all branches of knowledge • Became a teacher of __________________________________ Homer • Homer is the man who, according to legend, wrote the two great epics of Greek history: the Iliad (the tale of and the Trojan War) and the Odyssey (about the travels of Odysseus • Both books are considered landmarks in human literature Homer • Details of Homer's life are a mystery • Some scholars believe that no such man ever existed, and that the works credited to him were actually told and gathered by many people over many centuries • Other stories give various birthplaces and ages for Homer and suggest he was a wandering poet or minstrel • Homer is usually said to have been blind, a point on which nearly all the legends agree Homer • Homer Not Homer • Homer Alaska • Homer from Home depot • Homer Simpson Alexander the Great and His Major Accomplishments • Lived years 356-323 BC • ____________________ that conquered the ___________________ empire and annexed it to Macedonia, • Considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. • First king to be called "the Great." Alexander the Great Early Years • Born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia • Son of Philip, King of Macedonia and Olympia, a princess of Epirus • When he was 13, his parents hired Aristotle to be his personal tutor • ____________________ ____________________ Alexander the Great Early Years • Philip ________________in 336 BC • Alexander now ruler • Disposed of enemies by _______________ • Unified Greece under his rule Alexander the Great vs Persia 1 • Alexander began his war against Persia in the spring of 334 BC by crossing the Hellespont (modern Dardanelles) with an army of 35,000 Macedonians and 7,600 Greeks • The Macedonian army encountered the Persian army under _____________________ near the ancient city of Troy. • Alexander's forces defeated the enemy (totaling 40,000 men) and, according to tradition, ______________________________________ Alexander the Great vs Persia 1 • in November of 333 BC, Alexander met Darius in battle for the second time in Syria • Persian army greatly outnumbered the Macedonians, the narrow field of battle allowed Alexander to defeat the Persians. • The _______________________ ended in a great victory for Alexander Alexander Defeating Darius at Battle of Issus Darius Alexander Alexander in Egypt • Alexander entered Egypt in 331 BC • Ordered a city to be designed and founded in his name at the mouth of the river Nile • Made ___________ voluntarily by the Egyptians l Lighthouse in ancient Alexandria Alexander vs Persia Again 1 • Darius offered a truce with Alexander with a gift of several western provinces of the Persian Empire • Alexander refused to make peace unless __________________________________ • In the middle of 331 BC Alexander marched back to Persia to find Darius Alexander vs Persia Again 2 • Went after Darius with an army of less than ____ • Met a vastly numerically superior Persian Army at Gaugamela (near modern Irbil, Iraq) • Armies met on the battlefield the next morning on October 1, 331 BC • ____________________________________ army and Darius fled • Darius was later killed by his own men Alexander in Persia • Alexander was proclaimed ____________ • To win the support of the Persian aristocracy he appointed mainly __________________________________ Alexander in India • Alexander won several other battles until his empire stretched from __________________________________ • Included Egypt Alexander's Empire at its Greatest Height Alexander’s Death • We will probably never know the truth, of Alexander's mysterious death • Died at the _______, on June 10, 323 BC • Three days earlier, on the 7th of June, 323 BC, the Macedonians were allowed to file past their leader for the last time before he finally succumbed to the illness • Alexander died without designating a successor Summary • How did geography influence the way of life in ancient Greece? • Who were the early people of the Aegean and what was their influence in the development of Greek civilization? • What kind of government did the Greeks develop? • What was life like in Sparta and Athens? Summary • What were the results of the Persian and Peloponnesian wars? • What were the political and ethical ideas developed by the great Greek philosophers? • Who was Alexander the Great and what where his major accomplishments? Resources • Websites • http://faq.macedonia.org/history/alexander. the.great.html • http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphi cs/alexanderempiremap_large.jpg • http://www.answers.com/topic/gaugamela • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Issus • http://www.answers.com/topic/homer Resources 2 • • • • • Websites http://www.answers.com/topic/homer http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/socrates.ht m • http://history.missouristate.edu/jchuchiak/Webpa ge%20Images/10029246aBattle%20of%20Mara thon.jpg • http://www.answers.com/topic/marathon-battle-of Resources 3 • Textbook • _____________ , World History: Connections To Today Upper Saddle River, NJ: Simon & Schuster Education Group, 1997