Download Athens.Greece - Steven-J

Greece
Based on the map below, how
does geography play a role in the
development of Greece?
Geography of Greece
Greece is mountainous!
Greek communities
often times developed
independently because
of the mountains, thus
they were diverse
As a result, they had
their own government,
laws, and customs.
The Emergence of Greek City-States
Greek Polis
Around 800 BC, Greece stabilized!
Polis- City State
• Each polis was unique, and developed separately.
Acropolis- a walled “high area” containing
fortifications and temples and located in the
center of a polis
Agora- an open area that served as a meeting
place & market in early Greek city-states
• Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces.
The two major city-states were Athens and Sparta.
Athens was the first democracy.
Democracy: type of government where people vote.
Athens was a direct democracy where people vote on
everything. However, only citizens could vote
Breakdown of Athenian Social Structure
Adult Male Citizens with political rights
Women, children with no political rights
Non-citizens, slaves, resident foreigners
Sparta
Sparta was an oligarchy: rule by the few!
Sparta was ruled by two kings
Helots outnumbered Spartans 7 to 1! This was
the main reason for the strict war-like society…
• Breakdown of Spartan Social Structure
Spartiates
Perioeci (Perioikoi)
Helots
Sparta
Sparta was an isolated
city-state that was
culturally and politically
different from Athens.
Great military, army
feared by other nations.
Fighting Machines!
During the
Peloponnesian War
Sparta sacked Athens.
Greek Military
This is a hoplite, a
Greek infantry
soldier.
Hoplites were
middle class
freemen who had to
pay for their own
weapon and shield.
Greek Military: Phalanx
Soldiers get in a tight
box. They each have a
large shield and a 9 foot
long spear.
Was used in the Battle
of Marathon in 490 BC.
The Athenians defeated
the Persians with this
tactic.
Greeks were Polytheistic!
Group Work
You are to get 2 computers for
your group. Make sure 2 people
in your group can log into the
computer system otherwise,
you will have to use the book.
You are to make a Venn
diagram comparing and
contrasting Athens and Spartan
society based on the reading
located on my Wiki site.
Working in pairs you need to
ensure your Venn covers social,
government, legal, military,
religious, and gender issues.
You should have at least 10-15
items in each part of your Venn.
We will share as a class.
The Golden Age of Greece
A Revolt leads to War!
Persia wants all of
Greece in their
possession.
Certain Greek citystates in Ionia have
come under Persian
rule. Growing tensions
erupt into a revolt.
The revolt leads to a
war of epic
proportions between
Greece and Persia.
Where is Persia?
The Beginnings of the Persian War
(490 – 479 BC)
The cause of the Persian Wars started with
the Ionian Revolt in started the war in 499
BC. Athens sent troops to support the cause!
The Persian put down the revolt easily, but
the actions of Athens angered King Darius.
It took several years to get the full Persian army
gathered, but he sent them to Greece in the year
of 490 BC.
The Major Battles of the Persian War
The First Invasion
Battle of Marathon (490 BC)– Persians landed on the
shores at Marathon, and the Greeks heard of this and
rushed to meet the Persians.
• Greeks used the military tactic, the phalanx.
• Victory for Greeks!
Significance of Marathon
• Greeks fight off a clearly more powerful enemy, and
after this Greece becomes a dominant power in the
ancient world.
Why does the phalanx work so well?
The Major Battles of the Persian
War cont…
The Second Invasion- In 486 BC Darius died but in 480
BC, Xerxes (Darius’ son) sent more powerful force by
land.
Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) – Victory for Persians
• Delayed by Spartans
• Athens captured & burned
Battle of Salamis
• Themistocles tricks Xerxes into leading his ships into the narrow
straight of Salamis. Persian ships are to big and are slow to maneuver.
• Persians defeated by Athenian navy
Battle of Plataea (479 BC) Persian army defeated at Plataea
Aftermath of the Persian War
Persia wasn’t as much of a threat to the Greeks, but the
Delian League was created just as a safe-guard.
Delian League was a band of city-states that sought to
maintain defense against Persia.
• Treasury was on the Island of Delos
Athens starts growing more powerful because it was the lead
city-state in the league.
• Athens begins to conquer neighboring city-states
• Treasury money used to rebuild Athens, at the other city-states
displeasure.
30 years peace, agreement made by all Greek city-states.
(This doesn’t last long!)
Makings of a Greek Civil War!
As Athens overstepped its
bounds on numerous
occasions.
Built Long Walls
Used treasury money to
rebuild city
Forced Delian League
membership
Sparta headed the
Peloponnesian League,
and tension mounted once
again. Only this time the
Greeks were battling each
other.
The Peloponnesian War (431- 404 BC)
First Phase
Athenian advantage: Large Athenian Naval
Fleet
• Sea Battle Advantage
Spartan advantage: Honed warrior society
• Land Battle Advantage
Athenian Long Walls
The Plague Emerges in Athens
Pericles, a skilled politician came up
with the idea to retreat within the city
walls of Athens.
Unfortunately, sanitation problems grew in
the city and many people started showing
signs of illness.
• Pericles dies from this mysterious illness
Athens is crippled, and a truce was formed
in 421 BC.
The End of the Peloponnesian War
Second Phase: Athens strengthens and fights
Sparta at the naval Battle of Aegospotami.
Athens losses 90% of ships
Sparta cuts trade lines and Athens can’t recover
from this deadly blow
Significance
Athens never regains former glory of the Golden
Age.
Allows a Macedonian king to gain importance, and
Phillip II of Macedon will conquer all of Greece.
Part Two:
Greek Achievements
Warm up
Looking back at your notes from
yesterday think of at least 1 contribution
the Greeks made to history that has
impacted Western culture to this day.
Nature of Athenian Democracy
Three main bodies:
Assembly- all citizens eligible to take part
in government
The Council of 500- wrote the laws that
would be voted on by the Assembly
Complex Court Systems- 6,000 people
from the Assembly would hear trials and
sentence criminals.
Definition of Athenian Citizen
Only free men over the age of 30 who
completed military training.
Only about 10% of population could participate
in government affairs.
• Vote in all elections
• Serve in office if elected
• Serve on juries
• Serve in military during war
Overview of Athenian Democracy
Important Aristocrats (Noblemen)
Draco- reformed laws
• He believed that harsh punishment would solve unrest. Rich/Poor gap
grew!
Solon- revised Draco’s laws
• Overturn harshest laws:
– Debt Slavery abolished
– Allowed ALL men to participate in the Assembly, not all can hold office.
Greek Philosophy
Three Greatest Greek Philosophers
Socrates
• Sought truths about broad concepts such as truth, justice, and
virtue
Plato
• Most famous work is, the Republic.
– Timaeus and Critias (speak of Atlantis)
Aristotle
• Used logic and reason to study the natural world.
– Reason- is clear and ordered thinking
– Logic- the process of making inferences
• Taught Alexander the Great
Greek Architecture
Parthanon
Dedicated to
Goddess Athena
Columns
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Greek Drama
Tragedies, plays that
told stories of human
suffering that usually
ended in disaster.
Aeschylus, Sophocles,
and Euripides
Comedies, humorous
plays that mocked
people or customs.
Aristophanes
Greek Art
Statues very lifelike
and active.
History & Science
History
Herodotus “first historian” or “father of
history”
Thucydides showed the need to avoid bias.
Medicine
Hippocrates & the Hippocratic Oath – all
patients must be treated regardless of class