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The Shaping of Classical Greece
2000 B.C. – 300 B. C.
Chapter 5
Section 1
Cultures of the Mountains and the Seas
Geography Shapes Greek Life
• Three seas: Ionian, Aegean,
and Mediterranean
– Linked parts of Greece together
– Connected Greece to other
societies
– Sea travel and trade were
important due to Greece’s lack of
natural resources
Key Classical Greek City-States
Black Sea
Aegean Sea
Ionian
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Land of Rugged Mountains
• Mountains covered ¾ of Ancient
Greece- only ¼ of the land was
arable (suitable for agriculture)
• Effect on politics
– Small, local community governmentsNEVER united into one empire
• Effect on population
– Not enough farm land to support a
large population
The Climate
• Greece’s climate is mild with
varied, moderate temperatures
• This supported outdoor, public
meetings which will shape the
Greek political system
Civilization Develops
• Mycenaeans
– Indo-Europeans who settled in the
southern mountains of the peninsula
– Dominated by strong warrior kings
from 1600 BC to 1100 BC
• Minoans- (Remember the island in the Med
Sea!)
– Mycenaeans had contact with them after
1500 BC- probably through trade
– Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan
language into Greek, and Minoan
culture influenced art, religion, politics,
and literature.
The Trojan War
• When?
– 1200’s B.C lasted 10 years
• Once was thought to be a
fictitious legend (archeologist
discoveries of cities that may
have influenced the stories)
• One of the last Mycenaean
battles.
Dorians
• Represented a decline in Greek culture
following the Trojan War
– Less advanced
– Economy and trade collapsed
– Lack of history from 1150 BC – 750 BC
indicated no form of writing
– Homer
• Blind story teller
• Narrative, heroic poems- Illiad and Odyssey
– Myths
• Traditional stories about gods and goddesses
used to explain nature and natural events
Video
The Greek City States
Chapter 5 Sections 2
•Warring City States
Rule and Order in the City-States
Remember, a city-state is a city and it’s surrounding lands
controlled by a strong government----- the Greeks did not
unite into an empire- but a league of loosely united citystates
• Polis- fundamental political unit in ancient
Greece
– 50-500 square miles
– Less than 10,000 residents
– Citizens gathered at the agora (marketplace) on
the acropolis (fortified hill-top) to discuss city
government
The Acropolis in Athens Today
www.grisel.net/acropolis.htm
Let’s Review:
1. Why did the population in most
city-states stay relatively small?
The lack of arable land
2. What made it possible to have
open markets and an acropolis?
Climate and mountainous terrain
Forms of Government
• Monarchy- a single person, KING, ruled the
government
• Aristocracy- ruled by a small group of
noble, land-owning families.
• Oligarchy- ruled by a few powerful people
a new class of wealthy merchants dissatisfied
with nobles took over power
• Tyrants-powerful leaders who gained
support of common people after agreeing to
set up building programs and provide jobs
for their supporters.
Question:
What is the difference between a
tyrant today and the tyrants of
ancient Greece?
Today tyrants are considered harsh
and cruel.
Athenian Democracy
•
Athenian democracy= rule by the people
in Athens
a.
b.
c.
Draco- legal code- all Athenians were
equal * death was punishment for most
crimes & outlawed debt slavery
Solon- four social classes based on wealthonly TOP three could hold political office
all could participate
Cleisthenes- divided citizens based on
where they lived not wealth
*citizens could submit laws, council of Five
Hundred proposed laws and counseled the
Assembly (members were chosen at random)
Question:
What was citizenship based on?
free adult male property owners could be citizens
Sparta- Military State
Branches of government
a.
b.
c.
Citizens and elected officials
general assembly-voted on issues
Elders 30 older citizens that
proposed the laws to the assembly
5 carried out the laws and 2 kings
for military operations
* This is closer to a republic than a
pure democracy.
Military Operations
•All men served in the army until age 60
•From age 7 – 30 they lived in Army barracks and trained
•Girls received some military training
•All put service to Sparta above everything else
•Iron weapons affordable to all
•New army of foot soldiers –
hoplites
•Formation called the phalanx –
the most feared force in the
ancient world.
•Assisted Greeks in the Persian
Wars
The Phalanx
The Golden Age
Chapter 5 Sections 3
•Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
461-429 BC Pericles’ Plan
• Goals
– Strengthen democracy
– Hold and strengthen the
“empire”
– Glorify Athens
– Strengthen democracy increased
the number of paid officials
Direct Democracy= citizens rule
directly, not through
representatives
Question:
Is the US a direct democracy?
No, we are a representative
democracy
Art and Archetecture
• Parthenon- temple
built to honor
Athena (goddess
of wisdom and
protector of
Athens)
(video)
Greek Sculpture
• Sculptureperfectly
formed figures
not realism
Classical artharmony,
order, balance,
and proportion
Drama
• Tragedy- serious
drama about
love, hate, war or
betrayal
• Comedy- filled
with slapstick
situations and
crude humorusually made
fun of politics
and respected
people
Peloponnesian War
(video)
• Sparta vs. Athens- 431 BC
• Sparta had a strong army, Athens had a
strong Navy- both wanted war!
– Athens weakened (during the 2nd year
b/c of a plague)
– 421 BC- signed a truce
– 415 BC- Athens attacked Sicily (an ally
of Sparta)
– 404 BC- Athens is defeated in Sicily, but
held out for 9 more years defending their
city.
Greek Philosophy
1. Socrates- absolute truth and
justice don’t exist, question
everything (Socratic Method)
2. Plato- student of Socrates:
The Republic (book) his vision
of a perfectly formed societywas not democracy
3. Aristotle- invented rules of
arguing that form the basis of
the scientific method
Alexander and His Empire
Chapter 5
Section 4: Alexander’s Empire
Section 5: Spread of Hellenistic Culture
The Rise of Macedonian
Power
Reminder: Greek city-states were
weakened by the Peloponnesian
War
• Location- Just north of Greece- rocky terrain
and cold climate- Most Macedonians were
animal herders
• Major resource- shrewd & fearless kings
• Thought of themselves as Greeks
– Greeks saw them as uncivilized b/c they
had no great philosophers, sculptors or
writers.
Phillip II
• King at 23 years old
• Brilliant general and a ruthless politician
• Turned the peasants into a strong professional
army
– Phalanxes (16x16) to break through enemy
lines
– Fast moving cavalry to crush opponents
• Attacked & easily defeated the Greeks
– City-states could not agree on anything
– Athens and Thebes united, but it was too
late
– Began centuries of foreign control of Greece
Philip’s Plans
• Greece would be first
• Persia would be next
• Never was able to complete this b/c he
was assassinated at his daughter’s
wedding (literally stabbed in the back)
• Alexander proclaimed himself king
• Crushed an early rebellion by Thebes
– 6000 killed- survivors sold into
slavery and the city was destroyed
Who was Alexander?
• Philip’s 20 year old
son
• Educated by
Aristotle in science,
geography and
literature
• Military training
throughout his
childhood by his
father
Video
The Defeat of Persia
• Goal- to carry out his father’s plan
• Campaign in Anatolia
– 35,000 troops vs. 40,000 Persians
– Launched a quick attack and
destroyed the Persian defenses of
DARIUS II (King)
– Darius vows to win and an army of
up to 75,000 (Alexander was
SERIOUSLY outnumbered)
– Surprise attack- straight to Darius!
Alexander’s Conquests
• Anatolia- Darius II ran away- offered
him all land west of the Euphrates
River, Alexander declined and
vowed to conquer all of Persia
• Egypt- welcomed him as a liberator
and crowned him pharaoh
• Mesopotamia- Darius had 250,000
men- again they fled This ended the
Empire
Was Persia Enough???
• NO WAY!!! He wanted to
control ALL of Asia
• India- huge offensive- but won
• The army was tired
– 11 Years
– 11,000 miles
– Climate changes- deserts,
monsoons, etc.
– BEGGED him to turn backreluctantly he agreed
Alexander’s Empire
Problems with Alexander’s
Empire
• Politics were neglected
• After agreeing to turn back he
planned to strengthen and
unify his lands
– Roads, cities, harbors
– Conquer Arabia
• Alexander never carried out
his plan b/c he died.
The Empire After Alexander
• Divided among three generals
• They ignored the traditions of the
Greek polis and ruled as dictators
• Cultural impact
– Alexander adopted many Persian
customs
– Included Persians in his army
– A new culture- blending of Greek and
eastern emerged
The Spread of Hellenistic
Culture
Chapter 5
Section 5
Q: # 1
• What Cultures
did Hellenistic
Blend
• Why was this
important to
Alexander?
• Greek, Egyptian,
Persian, and
Indian
• His ambitions
were not only
military and
political, but
cultural. He
desired to preserve
culture. He
wanted to unify
his empire.
Q2:
• Why might the
new language,
Koine, be
named for the
word
“common”?
• It allowed
educated
people and
traders from
diverse
backgrounds to
communicate
in cities
throughout the
Empire.
Q 3:
•
• What were some
reasons why
Alexandria may have
been a popular tourist
destination during the
Hellenistic period?
It was a beautiful city
with wide streets lined
with marble statues of
Greek gods. Royal
palaces, Alexander’s
tomb, lighthouse,
library, and museum
(zoo, botanical
gardens) were places
to see.
Q 4:
• Why might
Alexander have
founded a
library in
Alexandria?
• He was
educated by the
Greek
philosopher
and teacher
Aristotle who
taught him to
love learning.
Q 5:
• What were two
theories
astronomers in
Alexandria
believed to be
true?
• The sun was at
least 300 times
larger than the
earth and the
earth and other
planets
revolved
around the sun.
Q 6:
• What
contributions
did the
following
people make to
the worlds of
science and
mathematics?
• Euclid: book,
Elements, proposed
465 geometry
propositions and
proofs- still used
today
• Archimedes- value
of pi, law of the
lever, screw to
raise water from
the ground and
compound
pulleys.
Question 7:
• What did Stoic
Philosophers
believe?
Live a life in
harmony with
god and the laws
of nature
Human desires,
power and
wealth should be
discouraged
Question 8:
• What did the
followers of
Epicureanism
believe?
“The good Life”
Gods with no interest
in humans ruled the
universe.
Greatest good comes
from virtue and
absence of pain
Question 9:
• How did art
change during
the Hellenistic
Period?
Realism, more
natural works of
ordinary daily life
and real people
The Romans
Chapter 6
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 5
Legend vs. Reality
• Twins, Romulus and Remus, raised
by she-wolves and decided to build
a city near the spot they were
abandoned by their father, the god
Mars, and a Latin Princess.
• Reality- spot was chosen due to it’s
location and fertile soil.
– Seven rolling hills located near the Tiber
River in the center of the Italian
Peninsula
– Near the mid-point of the
Mediterranean sea.
Early Settlers
• Arrived between 1000 and 500 BC
• Greeks, Latins and EtruscansLatins built the original Rome
• Greeks established colonies in
southern Italy which brought
them in contact with Greek
culture
• Etruscans known for metal
working, writing and architecture
Early Roman Republic
• Rome became controlled by
Etruscan kings around 600 BC
• Last one Tarquin the Proud
was a harsh dictator
– Romans established res Republica
(means public affairs)
– A republic is a form of
government in which power rests
with citizens who have the right
to vote for their leaders (Free
born male citizens)
Roman Law
• Tribunes- the elected representatives of
the plebeians’ assembly to protect the
plebeians from unfarir acts of patrician
officials
• The Twelve Tables
– 451 BC- laws were carved on 12
stone tablets and hung in the forum
(center of government)
– Guaranteed the ideas of free citizens
having equal protection under the
law.
The Struggle for Power
• Patricians- wealthy land owners
– Had and wanted to retain most of the
power
– Inherited power based on social status
– Held the highest government positions
• Plebeians- commoners
–
–
–
–
Farmers, artisans, and merchants
Made the majority of the population
Citizens with the right to vote
Barred from holding the highest
positions in government
What the Romans Valued
• Their Government
– republic
• Their Military
– All land owners required to serve
– 10 years service required for
some political offices
– Key factors in Rome’s rise
• Fighting skills
• Military organization
Military Organization
Legion
Infantry
5000
Century
80
Century
80
We
support
the
Infantry
Calvary
Century
80
Century
80
The Spread of Roman Power
Conquest
• By 265 BC Rome controlled the
Italian Peninsula
• Treated conquered people
differently (LENIENCY)
– Nearest to Rome= Full Citizens
– Citizenship w/out right to vote
– Allies of Rome- 2 conditions
• Must supply soldiers for army
• Can not make Allies with anyone
else but Rome
The Spread of Roman Power
Trade & a Commercial Network
• Location, Location, Location
• Land and Sea
• Traded olive oil and wine for
foods, raw materials and
manufactured goods
• Other powerful traders interfered
with the access to the
Mediterranean
Patricians or Plebians
Make a Venn-Diagram and fill it in using
the following:
Could vote
Wealthy Aristocrats
Landowner, merchants,
shopkeepers, farmers
Required to pay taxes
Could hold public office
from the start
Resented lack of power
Elected the tribunes
Could not hold highest
public office
Mandatory military service
Punic Wars
The First Punic Wars
• Rome vs. Carthage (a
civilization in N. Africa) over
control of Mediterranean trade
• Events
– Control of Sicily & Western Med.
– Lasted 23 years
– Rome won
Second Punic War
•
•
•
•
•
Hannibal
50,000 infantry & 9000 cavalry
60 elephants
Goal= Capture Rome
Path across Spain through the
Alps
• For 10 years his army taunted
the Romans
The Third Punic War
• Hannibal had been in Italy for
all those years, but Romans
held out
• Roman general (Scipio) had a
plan
– GET HANNIBAL OUT OF ITALY
– Attack Carthage
– Rome burned the city and sold 50,000
residents into slavery
– made it a Roman territory= control
The Roman Empire
Chapter 6
Section 2
The Collapse of the Republic
• As the Romans expanded,
their republic form of
government gradually
became unstable
• Things that brought problems
to the republic:
1. Economic turmoil:
2. Military Upheaval:
Economic Turmoil and More
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Huge gap between rich and poor, slaves
were largest group
Former soldiers sell land to estates
They become homelessness (urban poor)
or migrant laborers
Generals seized more personal power,
New group of soldiers (urban poor or
migrants) rejoined the army
New soldiers owed allegiance to their
generals who promise them wealth
The Republic is now in a position to be
taken over by one of them
Military Upheaval (Review)
• The military was once very loyal to
Rome. (Because they were
“Romans”)
• They began to recruit non-Romans
who fought for their commander
who promised them things, rather
that fighting for ROME
• This gave the military more power,
and the military leaders gained
power too
Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power
• He was a powerful general
• Elected as counsel to run the
government as a Triumvirate
(Group of 3 rulers)
• He served as counsel for 1 year
• Appointed himself governor of
Gaul
Julius’ Rise to Power (pt.2)
• Conquered Gaul by fighting
along side his soldiers and won
their allegiance
• People in Rome are talking
about him
• Pompey (Counsel) feared
Caesar's popularity and
ordered his legion to disband
Caesar’s Return to Rome
• Caesar Crosses the Rubicon
River and Pompey runs away!
• 46 BC Caesar defeats the
opposition in the senate
• 44 BC- he was appointed
dictator for life
Caesar’s Leadership as an
Absolute Ruler
Reforms brought to the empire
1. Granted citizenship to people in
provinces
2. Expanded the senate & added
supporters from throughout
Italy and other region
3. Jobs for poor (public buildings)
4. Started colonies for more people
to own land
5. Increased pay for soldiers
The Results of Reform
1. Nobles feared their own loss of
power
2. Some considered him a tyrant and
wanted him dead.
Death of Julius Caesar:
March 15, 44 BC 23 important
senators led by Marcus Brutus and
Gaius Cassius plotted to kill him in
the senate chamber- all stabbed
him to death
Pause and Review:
• Create an Acrostic with a partner for
“COLLAPSE” in which you describe
the end of the republic and
formation of the Empire
Rome after the assassination of
Julius Caesar
• After Caesar’s death civil war broke
out in Rome
• Second Triumvirate came to rule
consisting of
– Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son)
– Mark Antony (A general)
– Lepidus (Powerful politician)
• Eventually Octavian came out on
top
• Octavian took the title of Augustus
which means: exalted one or
emperor
A Vast and Powerful Empire
• Augustus’ rule ushered in the
Pax Romana meaning: Roman
Peace
–
–
–
–
–
207 years
Time of prosperity
3 million square miles
Population = 60-80 million
1 million lived in the city of
Rome
Aspects of Augustus’ rule
• Efficient government with strong
rule
• Stabilized the frontier
• Glorified Rome with public
buildings
• Civil service= paid government
workers
• Plebeians became civil servants and
eventually administered the empire.
After the death of Augustus
• The Empire continued to
remain stable (due to the large
civil service), but he forgot to
do one thing…appoint a
successor.
Trade and Industry
•
Trade was made possible through
1.
2.
3.
•
Thriving agriculture
Common coinage (money)
Trading network of roads and
shipping
Most important industry in Rome
was agriculture
–
About 90% of Romans were farmers
Slavery and Society
• About 1/3 of the population were
slaves
• Most slaves were property meaning
that their owner could punish,
reward, set free or kill them.
• Society
– Many Romans were poor
– The government gave them
“entertainment”
• Gladiators
Religion in the Roman Empire
Chapter 6 Section 3
The Rise of Christianity
The Romans and The Jews
• Roman power spread to Judea
around 63 BC
• Romans allowed the Jews to remain
independent (in name)
• Jews practiced their faith
• In AD 6, Rome took control of the
Jewish province
• Many Jews believed they would be
free again- based on the Savior God
promised
The Life and Teachings of Jesus
• 6-4 BC Born in the Roman
Empire• Raised in the Jewish tradition
• Was a carpenter by trade
• Ministry at age 30= preached,
taught, did good works,
performed miracles
Jesus’ Teachings
• Ideas from the Jewish tradition
– Monotheism
– Ten Commandments
• Emphasized and stressed
– God’s personal relationship to each
person
– Love for God, neighbors, enemies and
self
– God would end wickedness
– Eternal kingdom for those who
sincerely repent for their sins
More About His Life
• Few historical records
• Gospels= First four books of
New Testament are the best
record of his teachings
• His fame grew as he preached
and ignored wealth, fame, and
status
• He especially appealed to the
poor
Jesus’ Death
• Jesus claimed to be the
MESSIAH- or savior- Jewish
leaders denied this claim
• Jewish leaders accused him of
blasphemy
• Pontius Pilate accused him of
defying Roman authority
• Sentenced to death by
crucifixion
A New Religion
• Christianity began following
His death
• Pax Romana allowed this to
spread freely
• Paul (apostle) wrote Epistles in
the common languages of Latin
and Greek clarifying the
Christian belief system
Jewish Rebellion and Christian
Persecution
• Two Jewish rebellions led to the
destruction of their holiest temple
and the Diaspora- dispersal of Jews
from their homeland * will last 1800
yrs.
• Christians refused to worship
Roman gods and were blamed for
political and economic troubles in
the empire.
• Decline of Pax Romana= increased
persecution of Christians
– Crucified, burned, fed to animals
A New World Religion
• Appeals of Christianity
• Constantine accepted
Christianity
• End of persecution of
Christians in 313 AD
• 380 AD the emperor
Theodosius made Christianity
the official religion of the
empire
Note about section 4
• This section was not presented
as a lecture, so no Power Point
presentation was given
Rome’s Enduring Legacy
Chapter 6 Section 5
Rome and the Roots of Western
Civilization
Greco-Roman Culture
• A.K.A. classical civilization
• Combination of Greek,
Hellenistic, and Roman
cultures and beliefs.
• “Greece, once overcome, overcame
her wild conqueror”
– What does this mean?
The Fine Arts of Rome
• Art and literature represented
Roman ideals of strength,
permanence and solidity.
• Learned sculpture from the
Greeks, but theirs was more
realistic
• Art was used for public
education
Bas Relief Sculpture
• Carved
image
projecting
from a flat
background• usually
represented
soldiers,
crowds of
people, or
landscapes
Mosaics
• Pictures or designs
made by placing
small stones, tiles, or
glass onto a flat
surface.
Dionysos is the god of wine
Painting- Frescos
• Bright, large
murals painted
directly onto
walls
• Best examples
are at Pompeii
and were
preserved by
the eruption of
Mt Vesuvius
Venus and Mars
Literature and Philosophy
• Again, borrowed from the
Greeks
• Stoicism= encouraged virtue,
duty, moderation and
endurance
• Virgil= poet who modeled his
writing after Homer. Wrote
the Aneid which glorified the
Roman government
The Recording of Roman History
• Livy- wrote a multivolume
Roman history that
incorporated legends and
myths- not a true history
• Tacitus- presented accurate
facts- even when it was critical
of the actions of some
emperors
The Legacy of the Roman
Language
– Latin
– Basis for education long after the
fall of the empire and R.C.C. until
the 20th century
– Influenced “Romance” languages
(French, Spanish, Portugese,
Italian, Romanian and English)
The Legacy of Roman
Architecture
• Spectacular building (Coliseum)
combined arches, columns and
concrete
– Thomas Jefferson= models for the US
capital and other public buildings
• Aqueducts- water channels that
brought water into cities
• Roman Roads- some are still in use
today
Influence of Roman Law
• Their most lasting and wide-spread
influence
–
–
–
–
–
Equal treatment under the law
Innocent until proven guilty
Burden of proof with accuser, not the accused
Punishment for actions, not thoughts
Set aside unreasonable or unfair laws
•VENN DIAGRAM LESSON!!!
•Use the power point to complete
the Venn Diagram on the Unit Guide