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The Sentence
Identifying Simple Subjects
and Verbs
 A sentence is a group of words containing a subject
and a verb and expressing a complete thought.
 A sentence consist of two parts: the subject and the
predicate.
 The subject of the sentence is the part about which
something is being said.
 The predicate is the part that says something about
the subject.
Identifying Subject &
Predicate
 Some residents of the desert have ingenious ways of
evading the life-threatening effects of a drought.
 Bizarre and unbelievable is the method of the
Australian fog.
 These water-holding frogs can lie in a trance for as
long as three years between rainfalls.
Identifying Subjects and
Predicates (your turn!) pg.
359
 1) The discovery of platinum has been credited to a
variety of countries.
 2) Spanish explorers in search of gold supposedly found
the metal in the rivers of South America.
 3) They considered it a worthless, inferior form of silver.
 4) Their name for platinum was platina, or “little silver”.
 5) Back into the river went the little balls of platinum!
The Verb Phrase
 The simple predicate, or verb may consist of more
than one word. It may be a verb phrase: are
walking, will walk, might have walked. Look for all
parts of the verb phrase when you are asked to pick
it out.
 Example: Has Sally helped you (Simple predicate; has
helped) the new theater will not have permanent
seats. (simple predicate; will have).
Verb Phrase Examples
 The verb is underscored; the complete predicate is
boldfaced type.
 1) The fisherman steered the oat toward the middle
of the lake.
 2) They had heard about this popular sport.
 3) They switched off the motor.
 4) Paul is using his best lures.
 5)Everyone is optimistically looking forward to a
winning season.
Verb Phrases (your turn)
 1) Scientists throughout the world have expressed
concern about the fate of the giant panda in China.
 2) The animal’s natural habitat has slowly become
smaller.
 3) Many forests of bamboo have died.
 4) A panda may devour as much as forty pounds of
bamboo daily.
 5) Each tender, green shoot of bamboo contains only
a small amount of nutrients.
How to find the subject of
a sentence?
 You will find it easier to locate a subject if you pick
out the verb first.
 Example:
 The shutters on that house are painted green.
The verb is are painted. Now ask yourself: Who or what
are painted? The answer is shutters, so shutters is the
subject.
Identifying Subjects and
Verbs
 Write the subject and verb of each sentence, subject first.
 1) Despite their fragile appearance, butterflies often fly over a
thousand miles during migration.
 2) The painted lady, for example, has been seen in the middle
of the Atlantic Ocean.
 3) In northern Europe, this species was once spotted over the
Artic Circle.
 4) During the spring, millions of painted ladies flutter across
North America.
 5) This huge flock of colorful butterflies leaves its warm
winder home in New Mexico.
For the Mid-Term…
 On the exam they will provide sentences with
portions underlined 1 time for the subject and 2 for
the verbs. You will have to choose if these items are
correctly or incorrectly identified in each sentence.
Complements
 A complement is a word or group of words that
completes the meaning begun by the subject and
verb.
 Example:

Snow (S) covered (V) the hillside (C).
 That book (S) is (V) an autobiography (C).
 Mark Twain (S) wrote (V) novels (C) about his boyhood.
 Both Eric (S) and Bob (S) felt (V) rather gloomy (C).
Complements Cont.
Subject
Verb
Complement
Cyclist
Planned
Trip
Musiciams
Performed
Duet
Speaker
Looked
Enthusiastic
Problem
Was
Identified
Novel
Is
Suspenseful
Your try…..
 Write the subject, verb, and compliment for each
sentence.
1. A hurricane is actually a tropical cyclone
2. These large, revolving storms are accompanied by
destructive winds.
3. The rains of a hurricane are almost always heavy
4. A hurricane has not fronts but has a strange central
area.
5. This area is the eye of the hurricane.
Linking Verbs
 Connects the subject to a word or word group that
identifies or describes the subject.
 The most commonly used liking verbs are the form
of the verb be.
 Be, being, am, is, shall be, will be, has been, have been,
should be, would be can be, could be, are, was, were,
had been, shall have been, will have been, should
have been, would have been, could have been, appear,
become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound,
stay, taste, turn.
Subject Complement:*
 A subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or
adjective that follows a linking verb.
 It identifies, describes or explains the subject.
 Example:
 Ben is a policeman. (is - linking verb)
 I am fine. (am - linking verb) T
 That pie smells delicious. (smells - linking verb)
In the first example, a player identifies the subject, Jerry. In
the second, confident describes the subject, Susan.
Subject Complement:
Predicate nominative
 All complements follow a linking verb.
 If the subject complement is a noun or a pronoun, it is a
predicate nominative.
 Explain the subject or give another name for the subject.
 The caterpillar becomes a butterfly.
 Ms. Hayes is our teacher
A sentence may contain a compound predicate
nominative.
P.N.Ex. Our teacher is
Ms. Hayes or Ms. Rose.
 .
Subject Complement:
Predicate Adjective
 If the subject complement is an adjective, it is a
predicate adjective.
 A predicate adjective is an adjective (a describing word) that follows
a linking verb and describes the subject of the sentence. In order for a
word to be a predicate adjective, it must have a linking verb and
describe the subject of the sentence.
 The idea seems great. (great idea)
 The idea is great. (great idea)
 There may be more than one predicate adjective in a
sentence.

The idea seems great and sensible. (great idea;
sensible idea)
Predicate Nominatives or
Adjective?
 1) The last scene of the play is very tense.
 2) The two small birds are finches.
 3) The music sounded lively
 4) This costume looks elegant.
 My goldfish is growing larger everyday.
 Andrea’s report on digital recording is a detailed one.
Distinguishing Between
Subject and Complement
 When the subject is not in the normal position it is
sometimes hard to tell the subject from the
complement.
 Example:




Martin Luther King jr. (S) is (v) a national hero ©.
Was (v) he (s) a recipient © of the Nobel Peace Prize?
How elusive © is (v) victory (s)!
What a fine speaker © the Reverend King(S) was (V)!
Direct Objects
 Another kind of complement.
 The direct object: is a word or group of words that
directly receives that action expressed by the verb (must
be an action verb not a linking verb) or shows the
result of the action.
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/directobject.htm
Indirect Objects
 An indirect object precedes the direct object and tells to
whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and
who is receiving the direct object.
 There must be a direct object to have an indirect object.
Indirect objects are usually found with verbs of giving or
communicating like give, bring, tell, show, take, or offer.
 An indirect object is always a noun or pronoun which is
not part of a prepositional phrase. Example: She gave me
the report. (Who received the report? Me.)
Indirect Objects:
Continued
 Here are some more examples of sentences
containing two objects:

Indirect Object
Direct Object
 Tell
me
 He showed
ushis war medals
 We bought
 Can you lend
David
a story
a birthday cake
your colleague
a pen?
Don’t Mistake A Direct Object for a
Subject Complement:
 Only action verbs can have direct objects. If the verb is
linking, then the word that answers the what? or who?
Question is a subject complement.
 The space alien from the planet Zortek accidentally
locked his keys in his space ship.Alien = subject; locked
= action verb. The space alien locked what? His keys =
direct object.
 The space alien was happy to find a spare key taped
under the wing.Alien = subject; was = linking verb. The
space alien was what? Happy = subject complement.
Direct objects and indirect
objects…
 Examples:
 The mechanic (S) fixed (V) our car (DO).
 She (S) replaced (V) the broken muffler (DO).
You Try:
1) I borrowed my parent’s new camera recently.
2) First I loaded the film into the camera.
3) Then I sent the opening of the shutter.
4) I focused the camera on a distant object
5) I could read the shutter speed in the viewfinder.
6) A flashing red light means an incorrect setting.
For the Mid-Term….
 It will give you a sentence that underlines the
compliment and will ask you to choose if the
underlined word is …





.
DO (direct object)
IO (indirect object)
PN (Predicate Nominative)
PA (Predicate Adjective)
Not a Compliment
Sentences Classified by
Purpose
 Sentences may be classified according to their
purpose.
 There are four kinds of sentences.
 Declarative
 Imperative
 Interrogative
 Exclamatory
Declarative
 A sentence that makes a statement is a declarative
sentence.
 Its purpose is to declare something. Most of the
sentences you use are declarative.
 Example:
 As a matter of fact, this yard needs more shade trees.
 An oak would thrive in the west corner.
Imperative
 A sentence that gives a command or makes a
request is an imperative sentence
 Examples:
 Pass the salt, please.
 Speak softly.
Interrogative
 An interrogative sentence is followed by an
question mark…
 Examples:
 Can you speak Spanish?
 What did you say?
Exclamatory
 An exclamatory sentence is followed by an
exclamation point.
 Examples:
 What a beautiful day it is!
 How we love cool, sunny weather!
Tricky, Tricky…
 CAUTION!
 A Declarative, an imperative, or an interrogative
sentence may be spoken in such a way that it is
exclamatory. In this case it should be followed by an
exclamation point.
 This is inexcusable! (Declarative becomes
exclamatory)
 Stop the car! (Imperative becomes exclamatory)
 How could you say that ! (Interrogative becomes
exclamatory.
Your Turn!
 Identify each sentence as Declarative, Imperative,
Interrogative, or Exclamatory.










1) The loudspeakers in our living room are small yet powerful.
2)Turn down the sound!
3) Is that music or noise, Shirley?
4) Listening to loud music every day can damage one’s
hearing.
5) How many watts does your amplifier produce?
6) Sound levels are measured in units called decibels.
7) Do you know that an increase of ten decibels represents a
doubling in the sound level?
8) Do not blast your sound system.
9) Quiet!
10) Music played softly is relaxing.
For the Mid-Term…
 Sentences will be given. You will be asked to
identify each sentences as 1 of the 4 types.
Clauses
 A clause is a group of words within a sentence that
has a subject and a predicate.
 To tell the difference between a phrase and a clause,
decide it the group of words has both a subject and
a predicate within it.
 Examples: phrase or clause?
 I love to eat bagels.
 The big bad wolf
 Rode the bus to Halifax
Independent Clause/Think
Conjunction!
 An independent clause (or main) clause expresses a
complete thought and can stand by itself.
 The following two sentences are the same as an
independent clause.
 The outfielders were missing easy fly balls.
 The infielders were throwing wildly.
To show the relationship between these two ideas, we can
combine them as independent clauses in a single sentence:
The outfielders were missing easy fly balls, and the infielders
were throwing wildly.
Independent Clauses cont.
 Independent clauses may also be joined by the
conjunctions, but, or, nor, for, and yet.
outside?
was.
Should we go for a walk, or is it too hot
Gladys was not tired, but her tennis partner
Subordinate/Dependent
Clause
 A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a
complete thought and cannot stand by itself.
 Subordinate means “lesser in rank or importance”.
Subordinate clauses are so called because they need and
independent clause to complete their meaning.
Example:
who spoke to our class yesterday
that many students are eligible for
scholarships
because no student shave applied for them.
Subordinate/Dependent
Clause….
 Notice that each of these subordinate clauses has an
incomplete sound when read by itself.
 Each one leaves you expecting more to be said.
 Words like if, when, although, since, and because always
make the clause they introduce sound unfinished.
 Example:

The woman who spoke to our class yesterday informed us of
financial aid for college applications.

She said that many students are eligible for scholarships.

Some scholarships are still available because no student have
applied for them.
Indentifying Independent/Subordinate
or Dependent Clauses
 2) The burglar easily picked the lock; next, he carefully cut
the wires to the alarm system.
 3) Mr. Wilson always waves to us whenever we drive past
his house.
 4) As soon as the move begins, you should stop talking.
 5) We played croquet in the back yard until the mosquitoes
began to attack us.
 6) The cat that jumped through my bedroom window is a
stray.
The Uses of Subordinate
Clauses
 The Adjective Clause
 The Adverb Clause
 The Noun Clause
The Adjective Clause
 An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used as
an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun.
 Example:
 The novel that I borrowed from the library is about the Irish
revolt of 1979.
 Our town’s civic center, which was renovated last year, has
just been declared a landmark.
An adjective clause always follows the noun or pronoun it
modified. Sometimes set off by comma’s (not always).
The Adjective Clause:
YOUR TURN!
 1) A speech community is a group of people who speak
the same language.
 2) There are speech communities that consist of millions
of people and some that contain only a few hundred.
 3) The language that we use during our childhood is
called our native language.
 4) A person who has mastered a second language is
bilingual.
 5) People who conduct business internationally should
know more than one language.
The Adverb Clause
 An adverb clause is a clause that modifies a verb, an
adjective, and adverb.
 Like adverbs, adverbial clauses modify words by
telling how, when, where, or under what condition.
 Example:
 Donna sounds as if she has caught a cold (As if she caught
a cold tells how Donna sounds.)
 Before we left, we turned off the lights. (Before we left tells
when we turned off the lights.)
 You will see our house where the road turns right. (Where
the road turns right tells where you will see our house_.
The Adverb Clause:
Subordinating Conjunction
 Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating
conjunctions. As its name suggests, a subordinating
conjunction makes its clause a subordinate part of
the sentence.
 A part that cannot stand alone.
Common Subordinate Conjunctions: after, although, as
as if, as long as, as soon as, because, before, if, in order
that, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when,
whenever, where, wherever, while.
Identifying Adverb
Clauses : YOUR TURN!
Ruth mowed the lawn while we weeded the flower beds.
 The grass looked as if it had not been cut in months
 Because the house had been empty for so long, the lawn and
gardens were choked with weeds.
 We borrowed tools so that we could weed more efficiently.
 Until we had pulled out the weeds, we could not see the roses.
 When we cut through the heavy undergrowth, we used a
scythe.
 In one corner we stacked a mound of debris so that it could be
hauled away.
The Noun Clause
 A noun clause is a dependent clause used as a noun.

A noun clause contains a subject and a verb. Like
adjective clause and the adverbial clause, it can not
stand by itself as a sentence. It must be a part of a
complete sentence taking the place a noun.
 Since noun clauses take the place of nouns in
sentences, a noun clause can perform any of the four
functions a single noun can perform. A noun clause
can be the subject of a sentence, a direct object, a
predicate noun, or the object of a preposition.
The Noun Clause…
 Noun clauses are usually introduced by such
connective as that, whether, what who, whoever,
whose, where, and why. Sometimes the
introductory word does not have any function in
the clause.
 Example:

I know that she is worried. (the connective that has no
function in the clause).
Noun Clause Examples
 Their destination is unknown
 Where they are going is unknown.
 The question "Where are they going?," with a slight
change in word order, becomes a noun clause when
used as part of a larger unit -- like the noun
"destination," the clause is the subject of the verb
"is."
Noun Clause Example
 Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it.
 This noun clause is the subject of the verb "will have
to pay," and answers the question "who will have to
pay?"
The Noun Clause: YOUR
TURN!
 1) Mr. Perkins told us what we would play at half
time.
 2) We can never predict what he will choose.
 3) We never know whether he will choose a march or a
show tune.
 4) The drummer told Mr. Perkins she did not like
Sousa marches.
 5) How she could say that was a mystery to me.
For the Mid-Term
 They will underline a subordinate clause in a
sentence for you and you will have to identify if it is
an adjective, adverb or noun clause.
Kinds of Sentences
 Sentences can be classified by structure.
 When classified according to structures, there are
four kinds of sentences: simple, compound,
complex, and compound-complex.
Simple Sentence Structure
 A simple sentence is a sentence with one
independent clause and no subordinate clause.
 Example: The Hudson(S) is (V) a historic waterway.
 Although we often think of simple sentences as short,
this is not necessarily so.
 Example: In the stands(S) at half time, we bragged (V)
to friends from another school about our team’s
prospects for the season. (notice that there are several
phrases but only one subject and one verb).
Compound Sentence
 A compound sentence is a sentence composed of
two or more independent clauses.
 Example:
 A strange dog (S) chased (V) us, but the owner(S) came
(V) to our rescue. (two independent clauses).
 The film (s) is (v) long, but it (s) is (v) suspenseful, and
the time (s) passes (v) quickly. (three independent
clauses).
Complex Sentence
 A complex sentence is a sentence containing one
independent clause and at least one subordinate
clause.
 Example: As night fell, the storm reached its climax.
Compound/Complex
Sentence
 A compound-complex sentence contains two or
more independent clauses and at least one
subordinate clause.
 Example: The room that Carried painted had been
white, but she changed the color. (two independent
clauses and one subordinate clause.)
Sentence Structure: YOUR
TURN!
 1) The key club sponsored a rummage sale and
accepted donations from everyone.
 2) The principal donated a bird cage, and the coach
made lemonade for the volunteers.
 3) We used whatever had been donated, but we
welcomed house wares most.
 4) One customer bought a set of encyclopedias,
which she’d long wanted, and her husband
purchased and antique wood bookcase with a brass
trim.
For the Mid-Term…
 They will give you a sentence and as you to identify
it’s structure as simple, compound, complex, or
compound-complex .
Verbal Phrases
 Participial Phrase:
 Gerund Phrase:
 Infinitive Phrase:
The participle
 A participle is a verb form that can be used as an
adjective. Since the participle can function as a verb or an
adjective, it might be called a “verbal adjective”.
 Example:
 The simmering soup smelled delicious.
 A chipped fingernail can be annoying.
Simmering is part verb because it carries the action of the verb
simmer. It is part adjective because it modifies the noun
soup: simmering soup.
Chipped is part verb because it carries the action of the verb
chip.
Participle Phrase
 A participle phrase consists of a participle and its
related words, such as modifiers and complements,
all of which act together as an adjective.
 Example:
 Climbing the tree, the monkey disappeared into the
branches.
 I heard him whispering to his friend.
 We watched the storm blowing eastward.
Participle Phrase: YOUR
TURN!
 Hoping to be the first to reach the South Pole, the British
explorer Robert Scott, taking four men with him, began
his final dash to the pole on January 4, 1912.
 Leading Scott by sixty miles, however, a Norwegian
expedition commanded by Roald Amundsen, was
moving swiftly.
 Having learned about Amundsen, Scott realized a race to
the behind Amundsen.
 Reaching the pole on January 17, the British found the
Norwegians had already been there.
The Gerund
 Gerunds and present participles are formed exactly
alike. Both are formed by adding –ing to the plain
form of the verb.
 A gerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is used
as a noun.
 Example:
 Reading will increase your vocabulary.
 Tobogganing is a winter sport
 I enjoyed seeing you again.
 Peppering the soup improved its flavor.
The Gerund Phrase
 A gerund phrase consists of a gerund together with
it’s complements and modifiers, all of which act
together as a noun.
 Example:
 Jaywalking in heavy traffic is especially risky.
 Gerund phrase is the subject of the sentence. The gerund
jaywalking is modified by the prepositional phrase in
heavy traffic.
She enjoys hiking in the mountains. (The gerund phrase is the
direct object of the verb enjoys. The gerund hiking is
modified by the prepositional phrase in the mountains. )
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/gerundphrase.htm
Infinitives
 An infinitive is a verb form, usually preceded by to,
that is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
 An infinitive consists of the plain form of the verb,
usually preceded by to. It can be used as a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb.
 Examples:
 To err is human (the infinitive to err is the subject).
 Betty wants to act (the infinitive to act is the direct obejct of
the verb wants.)
 The candidate to believe is Villegas (the infinitive to believe
modifies the noun candidate).
 The favored team was slow to score. (the infinitive to score
modifies the adjective slow.
Note: Infinitives
 To plus a noun or a pronoun (to bed, to the movies,
to her) is a prepositional phrase. To is the sign of
the infinitive only when it is followed by a verb (to
go, to see, to have finished).
 www.chompchomp.com/terms/infinitive.htm
Infinitive Phrase
 An infinitive phrase consist of an infinitive together with
its complements and modifiers.
 Like infinitives alone, infinitive phrases can be used as
adjectives, adverbs, and nouns.
 Examples:
 To hit a curve ball solidly is very difficult (the infinitive
phrase is used as a noun and is the subject of the sentence.
The infinitive has and object, ball, and is modified by the
adverb solidly).
 It is sometimes difficult to listen attentively (the infinitive
phrase is used as an adverb and modifies the adjective
difficult. The adverb attentively modifies the infinitive. )
Infinitive Phrases: YOUR
TURN
 1) Our assignment was to read “I Know Why the
Caged Bird Sings”.
 2) We were asked to examine Maya Angelou’s
descriptions of her childhood.
 3) To grow up in Stamps, Alabama, in the 1930’s
was to know great hardships.
 4) Maya Angelou tried to show the everyday lives
of black families during the Great Depression.
For the Mid-Term…
 You will be given a sentence with the verbal phrase
underlined. The underlined phrase you will be
asked to identify as a participial phrase, gerund
phrase, or an infinitive phrase.