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Animal Like Protist: Protozoans Ms. Sheldon Microbiology OVERVIEW • Protozoa - 1st animal • Distinguished by movement ZOOFLAGELLATES OVERVIEW • Swim using flagella (tail like projections) • Phylum ZOOMASTIGINA called Zooflagellates • Usually only one or two flagella ZOOFLAGELLATES FEEDING • Absorb food through cell membrane • Lakes, streams that have decaying organic matter • Live in the bodies of other organisms, eat already digested food ZOOFLAGELLATESREPRODUCTION • Asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis • Sexual reproduction includes gamete cells SARCODINES - OVERVIEW • Phylum SARCODINA • Cytoplasmic projections - PSEUDOPODS • Amoebas – flexible, active cells with thick pseudopods • AMOEBOID MOVEMENT – using pseudopods SARCODINES - FEEDING • Capture and digest particles of food • Surround meal and then absorb through a food vacuole SARCODINES REPRODUCTION • Mitosis and Cytokinesis SARCODINA FORAMINIFERANS • Warmer ocean • Calcium carbonate shells • Die and the shells accumulate at the ocean bottoms • White Chalk Cliffs of Dover, England SARCODINA - HELIOZOANS • Sun animal • Thick spikes of cytoplasm, supported by microtubules project from their silica shells • Look like sun rays CILIATES - OVERVIEW • CILIA – short hair like projections • Phylum CILIIOPHORA • Fresh and Salt water • Free Living CILIATES INTERNAL ANATOMY • Genus PARAMECIUM • Cilia evenly spaced that beat regularly • Cell Membrane – TRICHOCYSTS just below surface – Bottle Like Structure that extend when the cell is threatened CILIATES INTERNAL ANATOMY • Two nuclei • MACRONUCLEUS – Working library, multiple copies of genetic information for day to day existence • MICRONUCLEUS – Reserve copy of the cell’s genes CILIATES INTERNAL ANATOMY • Cilia sweep food into the GULLET – indentation that forms a food vacuole when food is present • Food Vacuoles meet with Lysosomes that digest the food • Waste leaves out food vacuole that is taken to the ANAL PORE CILIATES WATER • • • • Osmosis moves freshwater Excess is collected in vacuoles These vacuoles empty into canals These canals form a star shape with the CONTRACTILE VACUOLE at the center • When to full it contracts and expends water out of the paramecium CILIATES CONJUGATION • Asexually with Mitosis and Cytokines most of the time • Under stress they exchange genetic information using CONJUGATION CILIATES CONJUGATION • Two paramecium attach to each other • Diploid micronuclei undergo meiosis and you have four micronuclei, three disintegrate • The remaining one divides to form a pair • The cells exchange micronuclei • The macronuclei disintegrates • New Macronuclei is formed SIDE NOTE • Conjugation is not a form of reproduction since no new individuals are formed • Is however a sexual process because it uses meiosis to form new genetic combinations SPOROZOANS OVERVIEW • Parasite • Do not move on their own • Usually involve one or most host in their life cycle • Reproduce using Sporozoites that can attach to a host and live within DISEASE • Some animal like protists cause serious disease, including Malaria and African Sleeping Sickness ECOLOGY • Some live Symbiotically within other Organisms – TRICHONUMPHA lives in digestive track of a termite, allows termite to eat wood, termites are lacking the digestive enzymes to break down cellulose in wood – This is done by producing cellulase an enzyme that breaks down the chemical bonds in cellulose • Recycle Nutrients • Food Source
